Litter Content of Colombian Beaches and Mangrove Forests: Results from the Caribbean and Pacific Coasts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling Sites Description
2.3. Marine Littler Characterization
2.4. Statistical Approach
3. Results
3.1. Litter Abundance and Weight
3.2. Litter Composition
3.3. Litter Distribution
4. Discussion
4.1. Distribution of Litter in Beach Environments
4.2. Distribution of Litter in Mangrove Forests
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Colombian Caribbean Coast | ||||||||
Site Number and Location | Distance of the Mangrove Forest from the Shoreline | Zone 1 Cross-Shore Dimension/Surface of Beach Face | Zone 2 Cross-Shore Dimension/Surface of Dry Beach | Zone 3 Cross-Shore Dimension/Surface Seaward Mangrove Zone | Zone 4 Cross-Shore Dimension/Surface of Landward Mangrove Zone | Mangrove Specie/ Density | Pneumatophores and Seedlings | Other Plants |
1-Salamanca A | 30 m | 10 m/100 m2 | 20 m/200 m2 | 10 m/100 m2 | − | A. germinans, R. mangle/Low | Yes | − |
2-Salamanca B | 2 m | 2 m/20 m2 | − | 10 m/100 m2 | − | L. racemosa, A. germinans/High | Yes | Batis marítima |
3-Puerto Colombia | 13 m | 3 m/30 m2 | 10 m/100 m2 | 15 m/150 m2 | 8 m/80 m2 | C. erectus, A. germinans/High | Yes | Prosopis juliflora Batis marítima |
4-Balboa | 0 m | − | − | 10 m/100 m2 | 10 m/100 m2 | A. germinans/Low | Yes | Batis marítima |
5-Puerto Caimán A | 0 m | − | − | 10 m/100 m2 | − | C. erectus A. germinans/Low | No | Batis marítima Portulaca oleracea |
6-Puerto Caimán B | 5 m | 5 m/50 m2 | − | 10 m/100 m2 | − | C. erectus A. germinans/Low | No | Batis marítima |
7-Aguamarina | 22 m | 2 m/20 m2 | 20 m/200 m2 | 10 m/100 m2 | − | Conocarpus erectus/Low | No | − |
Colombian Pacific Coast | ||||||||
Site | Distance of the Mangrove Forest from the Low Tide Position | Zone 1 Beach (Lower Foreshore) | Zone 2 Mangrove Seaward Zone (Middle Foreshore) | Zone 3 Mangrove Middle Zone (Middle Foreshore) | Zone 4 Mangrove Landward Zone (Upper Foreshore) | Mangrove Specie/ Density | Pneumatophores and Seedlings | Other Plants |
8-Complejo DIMAR | 93 m | 93 m/930 m2 | 12 m/120 m2 | 15 m/150 m2 | 4 m/40 m2 | Rhizophora racemosa R. mangle, A. germinans, L. Racemosa/ High | Yes | Acrosticum danaeifolium |
9-El Morro * | − | − | 11 m/110 m2 | 38 m/380 m2 * | 12/120 m2 | R. Racemosa, R. Mangle, L. Racemosa/ High | Yes | Acrosticum danaeifolium |
Site | Coast | Zone | TOTAL | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |||
1-Salamanca A | Caribbean | 0.060 0.21 | 0.590 3.26 | 1.240 29.28 | − | 0.620 9.00 |
2-Salamanca B | Caribbean | 0 0 | − | 0.570 27.94 | − | 0.475 23.28 |
3-Puerto Colombia | Caribbean | 6.933 76.04 | 1.030 2.54 | 0.813 35.19 | 0.875 17.48 | 1.397 25.59 |
4-Balboa | Caribbean | − | − | 1.230 44.69 | 2.890 67.39 | 2.060 56.04 |
5-Puerto Caimán A | Caribbean | − | − | 1.640 27.02 | − | 1.640 27.02 |
6-Puerto Caimán B | Caribbean | 0 0 | − | 0.990 18.73 | − | 0.660 12.48 |
7-Aguamarina | Caribbean | 0 0 | 2.725 15.59 | 1.400 18.17 | − | 2.141 15.42 |
8-Complejo DIMAR | Pacific | 0 0 | 0.083 8.34 | 1.067 101.72 | 4.775 196.63 | 0.291 19.45 |
9-El Morro | Pacific | − | 0.773 144.51 | 0.132 25.24 | 0 0 | 0.221 41.78 |
Material | Caribbean Sea Sites (%) | Pacific Ocean Sites (%) | Total (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Cloth | 0.51 | 2.46 | 0.97 |
Glass | 0.99 | 3.85 | 1.67 |
Metal | 0.25 | 3.30 | 0.97 |
Paper and cardboard | 0.22 | 0.00 | 0.17 |
Plastic | 94.72 | 89.51 | 93.61 |
Rubber | 3.15 | 0.36 | 2.50 |
Processed wood | 0.04 | 0.15 | 0.03 |
Other | 0.11 | 0.36 | 0.09 |
Caribbean Sea Sites | % | Pacific Ocean Sites | % |
---|---|---|---|
Foamed plastic pieces (2.5–50 cm) | 24.4 | Film plastic pieces (2.5–50 cm) | 26.6 |
Hard plastic pieces (2.5–50 cm) | 20.2 | Hard plastic pieces (2.5–50 cm) | 13.9 |
Caps/lids | 10.1 | Bags (e.g., shopping) | 13.5 |
Drinks (bottles, containers, drums) < 2 L | 9.1 | Hard plastic cups | 13.1 |
Crisp/sweet packets and lolly sticks | 4.8 | Glass fragments (2.5–50 cm) | 5.6 |
Hard plastic cups | 4.7 | Metal fragments (2–50 cm) | 5.0 |
Food wrappers | 3.8 | Food wrappers | 4.4 |
Drinks (bottles, containers and drums) > 2 L | 3.6 | Clothing | 4.2 |
Footwear (flip-flops) | 2.6 | Drinks (bottles, containers, drums) < 2 L | 3.4 |
Foam (insulation & packaging) | 2.5 | Tubes | 2.2 |
Site | Coast | Zone 1 | Zone 2 | Zone 3 | Zone 4 | TOTAL |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1-Salamanca A | Caribbean | Very Clean | Dirty | Extremely Dirty | − | Dirty |
2-Salamanca B | Caribbean | Very Clean | − | Dirty | − | Moderate |
3-Puerto Colombia | Caribbean | Extremely Dirty | Extremely Dirty | Dirty | Dirty | Extremely Dirty |
4-Balboa | Caribbean | − | − | Extremely Dirty | Extremely Dirty | Extremely Dirty |
5-Puerto Caimán A | Caribbean | − | − | Extremely Dirty | − | Extremely Dirty |
6-Puerto Caimán B | Caribbean | Very Clean | − | Dirty | − | Dirty |
7-Acuamarina | Caribbean | Very Clean | Extremely Dirty | Extremely Dirty | − | Extremely Dirty |
8-Complejo DIMAR | Pacific | Very Clean | Very Clean | Very Clean | Clean | Moderate |
9-El Morro | Pacific | − | Dirty | Clean | Very Clean | Clean |
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Bolívar-Anillo, H.J.; Asensio-Montesinos, F.; Reyes Almeida, G.; Solano Llanos, N.; Sánchez Moreno, H.; Orozco-Sánchez, C.J.; Villate Daza, D.A.; Iglesias-Navas, M.A.; Anfuso, G. Litter Content of Colombian Beaches and Mangrove Forests: Results from the Caribbean and Pacific Coasts. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, 250. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11020250
Bolívar-Anillo HJ, Asensio-Montesinos F, Reyes Almeida G, Solano Llanos N, Sánchez Moreno H, Orozco-Sánchez CJ, Villate Daza DA, Iglesias-Navas MA, Anfuso G. Litter Content of Colombian Beaches and Mangrove Forests: Results from the Caribbean and Pacific Coasts. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2023; 11(2):250. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11020250
Chicago/Turabian StyleBolívar-Anillo, Hernando José, Francisco Asensio-Montesinos, Giovanna Reyes Almeida, Nataly Solano Llanos, Hernando Sánchez Moreno, Christian J. Orozco-Sánchez, Diego Andrés Villate Daza, María Auxiliadora Iglesias-Navas, and Giorgio Anfuso. 2023. "Litter Content of Colombian Beaches and Mangrove Forests: Results from the Caribbean and Pacific Coasts" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 2: 250. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11020250