Design and Implementation of a Multi-Function Hydrophone for Underwater Acoustic Application
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. System Overview
2.1. Hardware Design
2.1.1. The Pre-Amplifier
2.1.2. The Analog-to-Digital Converter
2.1.3. The Micro-Controller and Peripheral
2.2. Software Design
2.2.1. Local Data Preservation
2.2.2. Data Uploading
2.2.3. Spread Spectrum Communication Technology
2.2.4. Parameters Setting
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. Experimental Results in Mode 1
3.2. Experimental Results in Mode 2
3.3. Experimental Results in Mode 3
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ADC | Analog-to-Digital Converter |
ASK | Amplitude Shift Keying |
AUV | Autonomous Underwater Vehicle |
BER | Bit Error Rate |
CE-DFE | Channel Estimation based Decision Feedback Equalizer |
CPU | Central Processing Unit |
DA-DFE | Direct Adaptive Decision Feedback Equalizer |
DMIPS | Dhrystone Million Instructions Per Second |
DSP | Digital Signal Processor |
DSSS | Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum |
DMA | Direct Memory Access |
FPU | Floating Point Unit |
FTP | File Transfer Protocol |
GPIO | General Purpose Input Output |
GUI | Graphical User Interface |
kSPS | Kilo-Symbols Per Second |
LDPC | Low-density Parity-check |
LFM | Linear Frequency Modulation |
MCASP | Multichannel Audio Serial Port |
MCU | Micro-controller Unit |
OFDM | Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing |
OOK | On-off Keying |
OSDM | Orthogonal Signal Division Multiplexing |
PN | Pseudo Noise |
QPSK | Quadrature Phase Shift Keying |
RTC | Real-time Clock |
SD | Secure Digital |
SNR | Signal to Noise Ratio |
SPI | Serial Peripheral Interface |
SSP | Sound Speed Profile |
ST | STMicroelectronics |
TCP/IP | Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol |
UDP | User Datagram Protocol |
USART | Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter |
UUV | Unmanned Underwater Vehicle |
WAV | Waveform |
1 | This picture is from Acoustic and Navigation Laboratory (ANL) in Haifa University, Israel. |
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Parameter | Value | Parameter | Value |
---|---|---|---|
Height | 450 mm | Diameter | 60 mm |
Weight | ≈2.5 kg in the air | Power consumption | 1.8 Watt |
Working time | 7 days | Capacity of SD card | maximum 2 TB |
Bandwidth | 20 Hz–200 kHz | Sensitivity | −205 dB @ V/Pa |
Maximum sampling frequency | 256 kSPS | Maximum gain | 56.1 dB |
Average self-noise | no more than 0.1 mV |
Parameter | Notation | Value |
---|---|---|
Sample frequency (kHz) | 64 | |
Center frequency (kHz) | 15.5 | |
Bandwidth (kHz) | B | 4 |
Modulation system | - | QPSK |
Channel length | L | 25 ms (100 samples) |
Length of feedforward filter | 75 ms (300 samples) | |
Length of feedback filter | 24.8 ms (99 samples) |
Parameter | Notation | Value |
---|---|---|
Sampling frequency (kHz) | 64 | |
Center frequency (kHz) | 9/15.5 | |
Bandwidth (kHz) | B | 4 |
Number of gold code | - | 128 |
Length of gold code | L | 127 |
Symbol length (ms) | 42.7 | |
Code rate of convolutional encoding | - | 1/2 |
Data rate before channel decoding (bps) | 187.5 | |
Data rate after channel decoding (bps) | 93.75 |
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© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Wang, R.; Zhou, Y.; Yang, X.; Tong, F.; Wu, J. Design and Implementation of a Multi-Function Hydrophone for Underwater Acoustic Application. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, 2203. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11112203
Wang R, Zhou Y, Yang X, Tong F, Wu J. Design and Implementation of a Multi-Function Hydrophone for Underwater Acoustic Application. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2023; 11(11):2203. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11112203
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Rong, Yuehai Zhou, Xiaoyu Yang, Feng Tong, and Jianming Wu. 2023. "Design and Implementation of a Multi-Function Hydrophone for Underwater Acoustic Application" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 11: 2203. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11112203