Hydrodynamic Loads and Overtopping Processes of a Coastal Seawall under the Coupled Impact of Extreme Waves and Wind
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Numerical Flow Solver
2.2. Calibration of the Numerical Flow Solver
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Complex Flow Phenomena
3.2. Effects of Wind Speed
3.3. Effects of the Significant Wave Height
3.4. Effects of Water Depth
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The pressure and wind shear stress forces at the water surface can increase the current speed at the water surface and gradually enlarge the wave steepness, which makes wave breaking occur in advance. The wind-strengthened breaking surge bore can increase the total overtopping water volume to some extent. Since the onshore wind can gradually increase the wave celerity, the impact intensity of the breaking surge bores at the seawall can be also enhanced. At the same time, as the wind blows across the surface of the seawall, a low-pressure area can be formed. It can generate a sucking effect on the surface of the seawall, which finally can increase the vertical load of the seawall to some extent.
- (2)
- If is smaller than 2, the existence of wind has a negligible impact on the peak value of the overtopping water volume. When the wind speed is small ( < 2), pressure and wind shear stress imposed at the water surface by the wind are much smaller compared with the hydrostatic force of the water body. However, once , the peak value of the overtopping water volume tends to increase noticeably with . The total overtopping water volume increases by 46.37% if varies from 2 to 6. When , the peak value of the runup height of overtopping water increases sharply with . The maximum value of the runup height increases by 55.18% if from 2 to 6. When , the increase rate in the maximum horizontal load and maximum vertical load is relatively small. If varies from 3 to , the peak values of the horizontal load and vertical load at the seawall can increase by 11.6% and 5.61%, respectively.
- (3)
- The peak value of the overtopping water volume increases linearly with . The maximum overtopping water volume of the focused waves under the wind conditions is 20.36% larger on average than without the wind. The peak value of the runup height of the overtopping water body for the focused waves with the wind is larger than that without the wind by 21.14% on average. The peak values of the horizontal load and the vertical load monotonically increase with . The peak values of the horizontal load and the vertical load of the focused waves with the wind are 5.35% and 1.63% greater on average than without the wind at different significant wave height ratios, respectively.
- (4)
- If is relatively small, the clearance height between the top of the seawall and the still water level is large. Hence, only negligible overtopping water can be observed. Overall, the total overtopping water volume for the focused waves with the wind is 15.55% greater on average than without the wind. When is larger than 0.45 m, the peak value of the runup height of overtopping water of the focused waves with the wind is 17.2% greater on average than without the wind. If is larger than 0.5 m, peak values of the horizontal and vertical loads at the seawall under the focused wave conditions with the wind are 8.66% and 5.92% larger than without the wind, respectively.
- (5)
- Although this study systematically investigated the overtopping of a seawall under the combined effect of focused waves and wind, there are some limitations. For instance, in a real ocean environment, waves tend to propagate in multiple directions. This study only focuses on unidirectional focused waves. Overtopping of a seawall under multidirectional focused wave conditions will be further studied in the future. In addition, this study only numerically analyzed wind–wave interactions using small-scale modeling. At present, it is still challenging to apply a high-accuracy two-phase flow wave model to study large-scale wind–wave interactions and their joint impact on coastal infrastructures.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter Setup | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0.065 | 0.186 | 0.026 | 6.37 | ||
2 | 0.067 | 0.186 | 0.027 | 6.61 | ||
3 | 0.067 | 0.186 | 0.029 | 7.25 | ||
4 | 0.069 | 0.188 | 0.032 | 7.83 | ||
5 | 0.070 | 0.192 | 0.037 | 8.38 | ||
6 | 0.075 | 0.196 | 0.041 | 9.67 | ||
0.25 | 0.057 | 0.161 | 0.022 | 5.99 | ||
0.30 | 0.061 | 0.166 | 0.023 | 6.20 | ||
0.35 | 0.065 | 0.186 | 0.026 | 6.37 | ||
0.40 | 0.072 | 0.199 | 0.029 | 6.61 | ||
0.25 | 0.061 | 0.162 | 0.025 | 6.94 | ||
0.30 | 0.064 | 0.168 | 0.028 | 7.31 | ||
0.35 | 0.069 | 0.188 | 0.032 | 7.83 | ||
0.40 | 0.075 | 0.205 | 0.036 | 8.25 | ||
0.45 | 0.045 | 0.093 | 0.002 | 0.44 | ||
0.50 | 0.065 | 0.186 | 0.026 | 6.37 | ||
0.55 | 0.109 | 0.229 | 0.068 | 17.43 | ||
0.60 | 0.134 | 0.403 | 0.094 | 25.07 | ||
0.45 | 0.045 | 0.100 | 0.003 | 0.95 | ||
0.50 | 0.069 | 0.188 | 0.032 | 7.83 | ||
0.55 | 0.122 | 0.252 | 0.080 | 20.10 | ||
0.60 | 0.153 | 0.422 | 0.103 | 27.21 |
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Yuan, T.; Wang, X.; Qu, K.; Zhang, L.B. Hydrodynamic Loads and Overtopping Processes of a Coastal Seawall under the Coupled Impact of Extreme Waves and Wind. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, 2087. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11112087
Yuan T, Wang X, Qu K, Zhang LB. Hydrodynamic Loads and Overtopping Processes of a Coastal Seawall under the Coupled Impact of Extreme Waves and Wind. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2023; 11(11):2087. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11112087
Chicago/Turabian StyleYuan, T., X. Wang, K. Qu, and L. B. Zhang. 2023. "Hydrodynamic Loads and Overtopping Processes of a Coastal Seawall under the Coupled Impact of Extreme Waves and Wind" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 11: 2087. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11112087
APA StyleYuan, T., Wang, X., Qu, K., & Zhang, L. B. (2023). Hydrodynamic Loads and Overtopping Processes of a Coastal Seawall under the Coupled Impact of Extreme Waves and Wind. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11(11), 2087. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11112087