The Dietary Effects of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) Extract on Growth, Hematological Parameters, Immunity, Antioxidant Status, and Disease Resistance of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) against Aeromonas hydrophila
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of Myristica Fragrans Extract
2.2. Preparation of Experimental Diets
2.3. Fish Rearing Conditions
2.4. Sampling
2.5. Growth Performance
2.6. Analysis of Serum and Skin Mucus Immunological Parameters
2.7. Hematological Indices
2.8. Assessment of Liver Enzymatic Activities and Oxidative Stress Parameters
2.9. Anti-Bacterial Activities
2.9.1. Bacterial Strains
2.9.2. Disc Diffusion Test
2.10. Experimental Infection
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Growth Performance
3.2. Hematological Indices
3.3. Serum and Mucus Immunological Parameters
3.4. Biochemical Parameters
3.5. Skin Mucus Antibacterial Activity
3.6. Bacterial Challenge
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Proximate Composition of Diets (%) | Control | M1 | M2 | M3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Crude protein | 32.41 | 32.8 | 33.31 | 32.82 |
Crude lipid | 7.31 | 7.18 | 7.05 | 7.45 |
NFE * | 30.15 | 31.35 | 31.41 | 30.88 |
Ash | 12.55 | 12.86 | 12.1 | 12.35 |
Moisture | 9.4 | 9.55 | 9.61 | 9.5 |
Gross energy (MJ/kg) ** | 1196 | 1210 | 1217 | 1215 |
Parameters | Control | M1 | M2 | M3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Initial weight (g) | 17.34 ± 0.11 a | 17.32 ± 0.05 a | 17.22 ± 0.05 a | 17.20 ± 0.01 a |
Final weight (g) | 30.94 ± 1.42 b | 36.06 ± 1.51 ab | 40.96 ± 2.26 a | 42.29 ± 2.33 a |
Weight gain (g) | 13.60 ± 1.32 b | 18.75 ± 1.47 ab | 23.74 ± 2.29 a | 25.09 ± 2.32 a |
FCR | 2.03 ± 0.11 b | 1.59 ± 0.13 ab | 1.54 ± 0.17 ab | 1.19 ± 0.09 a |
SGR (%/d−1) | 1.03 ± 0.07 b | 1.31 ± 0.07 ab | 1.54 ± 0.10 a | 1.60 ± 0.10 a |
SR (%) | 100 ± 0.00 a | 100 ± 0.00 a | 100 ± 0.00 a | 100 ± 0.00 a |
Parameters | Control | M1 | M2 | M3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
MCHC | 43.04 ± 4.0 a | 41.84 ± 1.85 a | 45.98 ± 1.81 a | 53.35 ± 2.54 a |
MCH | 42.84 ± 0.8 a | 33.36 ± 1.13 b | 45.73 ± 1.96 a | 42.44 ± 2.94 a |
MCV | 101.07 ± 8.7 a | 79.86 ± 2.29 a | 99.41 ± 0.59 a | 79.53 ± 3.97 a |
RBCs (×106/mm3) | 2.44 ± 0.1 b | 3.09 ± 0.10 ab | 2.68 ± 0.08 bc | 3.33 ± 0.20 a |
WBCs (×103/mm3) | 6.31 ± 0.3 b | 6.41 ± 0.17 b | 7.19 ± 0.19 ab | 7.50 ± 0.17 a |
Hematocrit (%) | 24.47 ± 1.0 a | 24.63 ± 0.26 a | 26.60 ± 0.64 a | 26.37 ± 1.04 a |
Hemoglobin (g dL−1) | 10.46 ± 0.6 c | 10.30 ± 0.40 bc | 12.21 ± 0.29 b | 14.02 ± 0.16 a |
Treatments | Control | M1 | M2 | M3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total protein (g dL−1) | 1.80 ± 0.01 b | 3.03 ± 0.08 a | 3.10 ± 0.27 a | 3.18 ± 0.16 a |
Albumin (g dL−1) | 1.06 ± 0.12 b | 1.40 ± 0.22 ab | 1.88 ± 0.20 a | 1.91 ± 0.14 a |
Globulin (g L−1) | 0.75 ± 0.12 b | 1.63 ± 0.29 ab | 1.23 ± 0.20 ab | 1.27 ± 0.05 a |
Triglyceride (mg dL−1) | 183.34 ± 2.67 a | 167.26 ± 1.61 b | 160.60 ± 1.70 b | 166.35 ± 1.87 b |
Cholesterol (mg dL−1) | 164.33 ± 3.48 a | 154.70 ± 1.89 ab | 144.14 ± 2.01 bc | 138.63 ± 3.13 c |
Glucose (mg dL−1) | 68.91 ± 2.05 a | 64.20 ± 1.68 ab | 58.60 ± 2.64 bc | 52.60 ± 0.85 c |
Cortisol (nmol L−1) | 53.77 ± 0.98 a | 42.81 ± 1.38 b | 36.02 ± 1.94 c | 32.55 ± 1.05 c |
Treatments | Control | M1 | M2 | M3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
ALT (U mL−1) | 12.01 ± 0.71 a | 11.18 ± 0.80 ab | 9.41 ± 0.38 ab | 9.06 ± 0.34 b |
AST (U mL−1) | 21.04 ± 1.66b a | 19.66 ± 1.11 a | 17.88 ± 0.62 a | 16.61 ± 0.31 a |
ALP (U mL−1) | 25.68 ± 1.54 a | 23.59 ± 0.31 ab | 20.43 ± 0.59 a | 20.12 ± 0.81 a |
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Rashidian, G.; Shahin, K.; Elshopakey, G.E.; Mahboub, H.H.; Fahim, A.; Elabd, H.; Prokić, M.D.; Faggio, C. The Dietary Effects of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) Extract on Growth, Hematological Parameters, Immunity, Antioxidant Status, and Disease Resistance of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) against Aeromonas hydrophila. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, 325. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10030325
Rashidian G, Shahin K, Elshopakey GE, Mahboub HH, Fahim A, Elabd H, Prokić MD, Faggio C. The Dietary Effects of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) Extract on Growth, Hematological Parameters, Immunity, Antioxidant Status, and Disease Resistance of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) against Aeromonas hydrophila. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2022; 10(3):325. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10030325
Chicago/Turabian StyleRashidian, Ghasem, Khalid Shahin, Gehad E. Elshopakey, Heba H. Mahboub, Azin Fahim, Hiam Elabd, Marko D. Prokić, and Caterina Faggio. 2022. "The Dietary Effects of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) Extract on Growth, Hematological Parameters, Immunity, Antioxidant Status, and Disease Resistance of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) against Aeromonas hydrophila" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 3: 325. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10030325
APA StyleRashidian, G., Shahin, K., Elshopakey, G. E., Mahboub, H. H., Fahim, A., Elabd, H., Prokić, M. D., & Faggio, C. (2022). The Dietary Effects of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) Extract on Growth, Hematological Parameters, Immunity, Antioxidant Status, and Disease Resistance of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) against Aeromonas hydrophila. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10(3), 325. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10030325