A Numerical Study of a Submerged Water Jet Impinging on a Stationary Wall
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Modeling and Numerical Methods
2.1. Model Building
2.2. Numerical Methods and Boundary Conditions
- (1)
- Inlet boundary: the nozzle inlet face was set up as a velocity inlet;
- (2)
- Outlet boundary: the outlet was far from the impact origin, and the turbulent flow reached relative equilibrium, so a pressure outlet was used;
- (3)
- Wall condition: the solid wall was set up as a non-slip wall surface.
2.3. Grid Independence Analysis
2.4. Turbulence Model Verification
2.5. Nozzle Length Analysis
2.5.1. Choice of Nozzle Length
2.5.2. Demonstration of the Full Development of Turbulence
3. Research on Continuous Jet Impacting on Static Wall
3.1. Flow Field Analysis of Impinging Jet
3.2. Analysis of the Flow Field of the Impact Jet with Different Impact Heights
3.3. Time-Averaged Pressure Distribution of Impinging Jet
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The Wray–Agarwal turbulence model is able to better predict the flow characteristics when a continuous jet impinges on a stationary wall. It is found through numerical simulations that the jet flow structure depends on impact height H/D and is relatively independent of the Reynolds number.
- (2)
- The dimensionless average velocity V/Vj along the centerline of the jet remains constant in the core region but drops rapidly in the transition and impact region. As the impact height increases, the degree of diffusion of the jet reaching the impact region increases, and the velocity gradually decreases. Near the stagnation point (x/D = 0), the fluid radial velocity first increases and then decreases.
- (3)
- The pressure coefficient Cp on the jet axis increases gradually with the decrease in the axial position z/D, and the increasing trend first increases and then decreases. As the impact height increases, the maximum pressure coefficient Cpmax gradually decreases, and the rate of decrease gradually increases.
- (4)
- The dimensionless pressure P/Pmax distribution basically coincides under different impact heights, and all reach the maximum impact pressure at the impact wall.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Existing Literature | Turbulence Model Used | The Improvements of This Paper Compared with the Literature |
---|---|---|
Xu et al. [14] | Standard k–ε RNG k–ε with wall function Low Reynolds number k–ε | In the literature, all three turbulence models failed to predict the flow characteristics and heat transfer properties of the impinging jet field completely and accurately, but the Wray–Agarwal turbulence model used in this paper agrees well with the experimental data and predicts the flow structure of the impinging jet more accurately. |
Chen et al. [15] | Improved RNG k–ε | The accuracy of the improved RNG k–ε turbulence model used in the literature has been improved somewhat, but there are still some errors in the prediction of the mean velocity and turbulent kinetic energy in the near-wall region. However, compared with the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) experimental results, the Wray–Agarwal turbulence model used in this paper solves the prediction problem of the flow in the near-wall region better and the error is better controlled. |
Jiao et al. [16] | Standard k–ε | The literature and the previous two have reached similar conclusions that the standard model cannot accurately predict the flow structure and turbulence intensity distribution in the impact zone and near-wall flow of a water jet impinging on a flat plate. With reference to the high-precision PIV experimental data, the numerical simulation results in this paper have strongly demonstrated that the Wray–Agarwal turbulence model has good results in simulating the flow in the near-wall region of the impinging jet. |
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Hu, B.; Wang, H.; Liu, J.; Zhu, Y.; Wang, C.; Ge, J.; Zhang, Y. A Numerical Study of a Submerged Water Jet Impinging on a Stationary Wall. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, 228. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10020228
Hu B, Wang H, Liu J, Zhu Y, Wang C, Ge J, Zhang Y. A Numerical Study of a Submerged Water Jet Impinging on a Stationary Wall. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2022; 10(2):228. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10020228
Chicago/Turabian StyleHu, Bo, Hui Wang, Jinhua Liu, Yong Zhu, Chuan Wang, Jie Ge, and Yingchong Zhang. 2022. "A Numerical Study of a Submerged Water Jet Impinging on a Stationary Wall" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 2: 228. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10020228
APA StyleHu, B., Wang, H., Liu, J., Zhu, Y., Wang, C., Ge, J., & Zhang, Y. (2022). A Numerical Study of a Submerged Water Jet Impinging on a Stationary Wall. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10(2), 228. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10020228