3D Flooding Maps as Response to Tsunami Events: Applications in the Central Sicilian Channel (Southern Italy)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Historical Geophysical Framework in the Mediterranean Area
2. Geological Setting of the Sicily Channel, Italy
2.1. Stratigraphic Setting of Lampedusa Island
2.1.1. The Cala Pisana Member (Mb)
2.1.2. The Capo Grecale Mb
2.1.3. The Vallone Della Forbice Mb
2.1.4. Pleistocene and Holocene Deposits
3. Methodology
- Water level: 0 m;
- Water level increase amount: 5 m;
- Select what to increase water level from: Sea Level = 0;
- Vertical exaggeration: 5x;
- Resolution with which the terrain is sampled to calculate the flooded area: defaults.
4. Geomorphological Setting of Lampedusa Island
5. 3D Flooding Maps
- -
- The main tsunamigenic earthquakes known in the literature are mainly concentrated in the eastern sector of the Mediterranean Sea (Table 1);
- -
- Here, a high concentration of low beaches (on average 5 m high) is present and evolves in the northwest-southeast direction according to a rias coastline (Figure 3).
5.1. Sea Level Variation: +5 m
5.2. Sea Level Variation: +10 m
5.3. Sea Level Variation: +15 m
6. Conclusions
- 1.
- The general tabular setting of the Lampedusa island, slightly tilted towards the east, is lithologically associated with medium-low cohesion formations (carbonate mudstones of the Vallone Imbriacoli Unit and marly lithotypes of the Cala Calandra Unit) outcropping in the eastern portion of Lampedusa where the paleo-hydrographic network is well-developed and the coastline is widely low. Therefore, the south-eastern sector of the island appears to be the most suitable for testing the simulations of 3D flooding maps, which was the main goal of this work.
- 2.
- The updated stratigraphic analysis of Lampedusa was crucial for a detailed geomorphological reconstruction of the island. On the basis of a high-resolution DEM (2 m × 2 m cells), the 3D flooding maps were carried out assuming three different maximum runup steps (+5 m, +10 m, and + 15 m), comparable with historical tsunamigenic events in the central Mediterranean area.
- 3.
- The focal points of Lampedusa (harbor, airport, and main village)—concentrated in the southern sector of the island—already appear threatened with a runup of just +5 m. However, such areas would be seriously compromised with runups of +10 m and +15 m, where the area flooded by the sea grows up to almost 10 times.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 21 July 365 | Crete-Gortyna | Sicily and many other islands | 2 | 8–8.5 | 1200 | [33,34] |
2 | 5–6 February 1783 | Southern Calabria | Torre Faro, Messina, Scilla, and Southern Calabria | 9 | 7.1 | 200 | [35,36] |
3 | 2 June 1866 | Crete | Eastern coast of Kythira Island | 8 | -- | -- | [37,38,39] |
4 | 28 December 1908 | Messina Straits | Eastern Sicilian coast and Southern Calabria | 1–3 | 7.1 | 380 | [40,41,42] |
5 | 3 July 1916 | Stromboli | Aeolian Islands | 10 | 5–6 | 20 | [43] |
6 | 9 July 1956 | South Aegean Sea | Amorgos | 25 | 7.5 | 80–100 | [44,45] |
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Distefano, S.; Baldassini, N.; Barbagallo, V.; Borzì, L.; D’Andrea, N.M.; Urso, S.; Di Stefano, A. 3D Flooding Maps as Response to Tsunami Events: Applications in the Central Sicilian Channel (Southern Italy). J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, 1953. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10121953
Distefano S, Baldassini N, Barbagallo V, Borzì L, D’Andrea NM, Urso S, Di Stefano A. 3D Flooding Maps as Response to Tsunami Events: Applications in the Central Sicilian Channel (Southern Italy). Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2022; 10(12):1953. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10121953
Chicago/Turabian StyleDistefano, Salvatore, Niccolò Baldassini, Viviana Barbagallo, Laura Borzì, Natale Maria D’Andrea, Salvatore Urso, and Agata Di Stefano. 2022. "3D Flooding Maps as Response to Tsunami Events: Applications in the Central Sicilian Channel (Southern Italy)" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 12: 1953. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10121953