On the Evolution of Trade and Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards: The Role of Trade Agreements
Abstract
:1. Introduction
On Trade Agreements and Technical Non-Tariff Measures in the Agri-Food Sector
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of Data
2.2. Inventory Approach
2.3. Empirical Approach
3. Results
3.1. Results of the Inventory Analyses
3.2. Empirical Results
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reporter | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Partner | Argentina | Bolivia | Brazil | Canada | China | Indonesia | New Zealand | Peru | United States |
Argentina | since 1996 | since 1992 | no | no | no | no | no | no | |
Australia | no | no | no | no | no | since 2010 | since 1983 | no | since 2005 |
Bolivia | since 1996 | since 1996 | no | no | no | no | since 1995 | no | |
Brazil | since 1992 | since 1996 | no | no | no | no | no | no | |
Canada | no | no | no | no | no | no | since 2010 | since 1989 | |
China | no | no | no | no | since 2010 | since 2009 | since 2010 | no | |
Congo | no | no | no | no | no | no | no | no | no |
Egypt | no | no | no | no | no | no | no | no | no |
European Union | no | no | no | no | no | no | no | since 2013 | no |
Indonesia | no | no | no | no | since 2010 | since 2010 | no | no | |
India | no | no | no | no | no | since 2010 | no | no | no |
Libya | no | no | no | no | no | no | no | no | no |
Morocco | no | no | no | no | no | no | no | no | since 2006 |
New Zealand | no | no | no | no | since 2009 | since 2010 | no | no | |
Peru | no | since 1995 | no | since 2010 | since 2010 | no | no | since 2009 | |
Russian Federation | no | no | no | no | no | no | no | no | no |
Tunisia | no | no | no | no | no | no | no | no | no |
United States | no | no | no | since 1989 | no | no | no | since 2009 | |
South Africa | no | no | no | no | no | no | no | no | no |
Pairs of Countries Sharing RTAs | Year of Entry into Force (t) | Trade (Million US$) | Number of SPSs | Frequency Index (%) | Coverage Ratio (%) | Prevalence Score | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-RTA (t − 2) | Post-RTA (t + 2) | Δ | Pre-RTA (t − 2) | Post-RTA (t + 2) | Δ | Pre-RTA (t − 2) | Post-RTA (t + 2) | Δ | Pre-RTA (t − 2) | Post-RTA (t + 2) | Δ | Pre-RTA (t − 2) | Post-RTA (t + 2) | Δ | ||
Argentina-Bolivia | 1996 | 33 | 75 | ↗ | 0 | 0 | - | 0.0 | 0.0 | - | 0.0 | 0.0 | - | 0.0 | 0.0 | - |
Argentina-Brazil | 1992 | 496 | 2190 | ↗ | 0 | 4 | ↗ | 0.0 | 11.8 | ↗ | 0.0 | 0.9 | ↗ | 0.0 | 1.0 | ↗ |
Bolivia-Brazil | 1996 | 17 | 40 | ↗ | 0 | 0 | - | 0.0 | 0.0 | - | 0.0 | 0.0 | - | 0.0 | 0.0 | - |
Bolivia-Peru | 1995 | 4 | 49 | ↗ | 0 | 0 | - | 0.0 | 0.0 | - | 0.0 | 0.0 | - | 0.0 | 0.0 | - |
Canada-Peru | 2010 | 524 | 755 | ↗ | 69 | 136 | ↗ | 52.1 | 90.1 | ↗ | 29.3 | 52.9 | ↗ | 1.0 | 1.1 | - |
China-Indonesia | 2010 | 587 | 117,000 | ↑ | 0 | 1851 | ↑ | 0.0 | 99.5 | ↑ | 0.0 | 99.6 | ↑ | 0.0 | 1.1 | ↑ |
China-New Zealand | 2009 | 1570 | 202,000 | ↑ | 128 | 249 | ↗ | 87.9 | 94.7 | ↗ | 90.3 | 99.8 | ↗ | 1.3 | 1.1 | ↘ |
China-Peru | 2010 | 246 | 518 | ↗ | 39 | 96 | ↗ | 67.2 | 79.6 | ↗ | 3.6 | 20.5 | ↑ | 1.0 | 1.0 | - |
Indonesia-Australia | 2010 | 0 | 136,000 | ↑ | 0 | 1851 | ↑ | 0.0 | 99.9 | ↑ | 0.0 | 100.0 | ↑ | 0.0 | 1.1 | ↗ |
Indonesia-India | 2010 | 0 | 43,700 | ↑ | 0 | 1850 | ↑ | 0.0 | 99.9 | ↑ | 0.0 | 99.5 | ↑ | 0.0 | 1.1 | ↗ |
Indonesia-New Zealand | 2009 | 1710 | 45,900 | ↗ | 96 | 2067 | ↑ | 97.2 | 100.0 | ↗ | 100.0 | 100.0 | - | 1.4 | 1.1 | ↘ |
Peru-European Union | 2013 | 2690 | 4950 | ↗ | 847 | 1380 | ↗ | 96.9 | 97.6 | ↗ | 87.0 | 92.5 | ↗ | 1.1 | 1.1 | - |
Peru-United States | 2009 | 17,300 | 13,400 | ↘ | 1433 | 1808 | ↗ | 99.7 | 99.3 | ↘ | 99.5 | 95.3 | ↘ | 1.9 | 1.8 | ↘ |
United States-Australia | 2005 | 390,000 | 48,800 | ↘ | 1731 | 1741 | ↗ | 99.7 | 99.8 | ↗ | 100.0 | 99.8 | ↘ | 2.2 | 2.2 | - |
United States-Morocco | 2006 | 3860 | 14,800 | ↗ | 1222 | 1293 | ↗ | 99.5 | 99.7 | ↗ | 100.0 | 100.0 | - | 2.3 | 2.1 | ↘ |
Variables | A | B | C | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trade | SPS | Trade | SPS | Trade | SPS | |
Time | 7.300 *** | −54.446 *** | 1.460 ** | −52.700 *** | 1.834 *** | −52.700 *** |
(0.591) | (0.518) | (0.614) | (0.537) | (0.613) | (0.537) | |
Timepost-RTA | 0.222 *** | −0.071 *** | 0.545 *** | −0.226 *** | ||
(0.006) | (0.006) | (0.027) | (0.024) | |||
Timepost-RTA (meat) | −0.207 *** | 0.173 *** | ||||
(0.030) | (0.027) | |||||
Timepost-RTA (fish) | −0.415 *** | 0.077 *** | ||||
(0.028) | (0.026) | |||||
Timepost-RTA (dairy) | −0.310 *** | 0.083 *** | ||||
(0.031) | (0.028) | |||||
Timepost-RTA (vegetables) | −0.580 *** | 0.360 *** | ||||
(0.032) | (0.029) | |||||
Timepost-RTA (fruit) | 0.240 *** | 0.199 *** | ||||
(0.031) | (0.028) | |||||
Timepost-RTA (oilseeds) | −0.031 | 0.262 *** | ||||
(0.036) | (0.033) | |||||
Timepost-RTA (preparations of meat and fish) | −1.184 *** | 0.217 *** | ||||
(0.033) | (0.030) | |||||
Constant | 0.701 | 111.037 *** | 12.360 *** | 107.600 *** | 11.618 *** | 107.500 *** |
(1.187) | (1.040) | (1.233) | (1.078) | (1.229) | (1.078) | |
Observations | 528,834 | 549,810 | 528,834 | 549,810 | 528,834 | 549,810 |
R-squared | 0.000 | 0.020 | 0.003 | 0.020 | 0.009 | 0.021 |
Variables | A | B | C |
---|---|---|---|
Time fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes |
SPSs | 0.040 *** | 0.034 *** | 0.038 *** |
(0.001) | (0.002) | (0.002) | |
SPSspost-RTA | 0.110 *** | 1.103 *** | |
(0.005) | (0.050) | ||
SPSspost-RTA (meat) | −0.656 *** | ||
(0.052) | |||
SPSspost-RTA (fish) | −0.831 *** | ||
(0.052) | |||
SPSspost-RTA (dairy) | −0.694 *** | ||
(0.054) | |||
SPSspost-RTA (vegetables) | −1.133 *** | ||
(0.050) | |||
SPSspost-RTA (fruit) | −0.870 *** | ||
(0.051) | |||
SPSspost-RTA (oilseeds) | −0.833 *** | ||
(0.053) | |||
SPSspost-RTA (preparations of meat and fish) | −1.537 *** | ||
(0.054) | |||
Constant | 14.850 *** | 14.870 *** | 14.860 *** |
(0.032) | (0.032) | (0.032) | |
Observations | 499,153 | 499,153 | 499,153 |
R-squared | 0.013 | 0.014 | 0.019 |
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Santeramo, F.G.; Guerrieri, V.; Lamonaca, E. On the Evolution of Trade and Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards: The Role of Trade Agreements. Agriculture 2019, 9, 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9010002
Santeramo FG, Guerrieri V, Lamonaca E. On the Evolution of Trade and Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards: The Role of Trade Agreements. Agriculture. 2019; 9(1):2. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9010002
Chicago/Turabian StyleSanteramo, Fabio Gaetano, Valentina Guerrieri, and Emilia Lamonaca. 2019. "On the Evolution of Trade and Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards: The Role of Trade Agreements" Agriculture 9, no. 1: 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9010002