Increasing of Posture Changes as Indicator of Imminent Calving in Dairy Cows
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals and Management
2.2. Behavioural Observations
2.3. Calculations and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Behaviour | Description |
---|---|
Lying inactive | Lying on sternum or side without performing any other described behaviour, head can be rested or raised 1 |
Standing inactive | Body supported by four legs, without performing any other described behaviour 2 |
Walking | Moving around the barn, not sniffing the ground |
Head towards abdomen lying | Head lifted and orientated towards abdomen on stretched neck1, lying on sternum or side |
Head towards abdomen Standing | Head lifted and orientated towards abdomen on stretched neck1, standing |
Eating | Head is placed in feeding trough or over feeding trough while the cow is chewing |
Ruminating lying | Jaws in the act of chewing, lying on sternum or side |
Ruminating standing | Jaws in the act of chewing, standing |
Drinking | Muzzle is placed in the drinking bowl 1 |
Sniffing the ground | Stretching the neck towards the ground, swinging the head |
Allogrooming lying | Stretching the neck towards another cow or a calf, lying on sternum or side |
Allogrooming standing | Stretching the neck towards another cow or a calf |
Self-grooming lying | Biting or scratching itself using hoofs or leaning against the structures of the barn, lying |
Self-grooming standing | Biting or scratching itself using hoofs or leaning against the structures of the barn, standing |
Urination | Release of urine |
Defecation | Release of solid waste |
Behaviour | Cows, n | Records, n/hour | Mean of Hourly Proportion | Standard Deviation of Hourly Proportion |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lying inactive | 8 | 12 | 0.326 | 0.332 |
Standing inactive 1 | 8 | 12 | 0.378 | 0.255 |
Walking | 8 | 12 | 0.026 | 0.048 |
Head towards abdomen 1 | 8 | 12 | 0.065 | 0.090 |
Eating | 8 | 12 | 0.007 | 0.030 |
Ruminating 1 | 8 | 12 | 0.081 | 0.138 |
Drinking | 8 | 12 | 0.014 | 0.034 |
Activity towards substrates | 8 | 12 | 0.091 | 0.073 |
Total lying | 8 | 12 | 0.451 | 0.369 |
Total standing | 8 | 12 | 0.549 | 0.369 |
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Speroni, M.; Malacarne, M.; Righi, F.; Franceschi, P.; Summer, A. Increasing of Posture Changes as Indicator of Imminent Calving in Dairy Cows. Agriculture 2018, 8, 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8110182
Speroni M, Malacarne M, Righi F, Franceschi P, Summer A. Increasing of Posture Changes as Indicator of Imminent Calving in Dairy Cows. Agriculture. 2018; 8(11):182. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8110182
Chicago/Turabian StyleSperoni, Marisanna, Massimo Malacarne, Federico Righi, Piero Franceschi, and Andrea Summer. 2018. "Increasing of Posture Changes as Indicator of Imminent Calving in Dairy Cows" Agriculture 8, no. 11: 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8110182
APA StyleSperoni, M., Malacarne, M., Righi, F., Franceschi, P., & Summer, A. (2018). Increasing of Posture Changes as Indicator of Imminent Calving in Dairy Cows. Agriculture, 8(11), 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8110182