Intersectoral Linking of Agriculture, Hospitality, and Tourism—A Model for Implementation in AP Vojvodina (Republic of Serbia)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Models of Intersectoral Linkages in Tourism
2.2. Development of a Model for Intersectoral Linkages Between Agriculture, Hospitality, and Tourism in Vojvodina
2.3. Heterogeneity of Stakeholder Attitudes Toward Intersectoral Linkages in Tourism
2.4. Subjects Involved in Intersectoral Linkages in AP Vojvodina
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. The Researched Area
3.2. Research Model
3.3. Research Procedure and Instrument
3.4. Participants in the Research
4. Results
4.1. Exploratory Factor Analysis
4.2. Analysis and Validation of the Model—Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Model Fit Indices
4.3. Analysis of Respondents’ Attitude Heterogeneity Toward Intersectoral Connection
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample 1 | |||
Description of the Sample | Agricultural Sector n = 94 | Hospitality Sector n = 101 | Tourism Sector n = 101 |
Age | |||
min-max (years old) | 21–82 | 18–72 | 18–71 |
AS (SD) | 50.12 (13.05) | 34.45 (11.55) | 37.22 (10.30) |
Gender | |||
men | 67 (71.3%) | 67 (66.3%) | 55 (54.5%) |
women | 27 (28.7%) | 34 (33.7%) | 46 (45.5%) |
Highest level of completed education | |||
elementary school | 15 (16.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0% |
high school | 60 (63.8%) | 49 (48.5%) | 28 (27.7%) |
college | 6 (6.4%) | 30 (29.7%) | 28 (27.7%) |
university | 13 (13.8%) | 22 (21.8%) | 45 (44.6%) |
Please indicate how many years you have been in agriculture, hospitality, and tourism (years) | 1–65 | 1–40 | 1–39 |
AS (SD) | 21.98 (14.26) | 11.69 (8.19) | 18.90 (10.60) |
Sample 2 | |||
Description of the Sample | Agricultural Sector n = 94 | Hospitality Sector n = 100 | Tourism Sector n = 100 |
Age | |||
min-max (years old) | 20–84 | 17–73 | 17–73 |
AS (SD) | 49.53 (13.21) | 33.96 (11.70) | 36.77 (10.45) |
Gender | |||
men | 68 (72.3%) | 66 (66.0%) | 53 (53.0%) |
women | 26 (27.7%) | 34 (34.0%) | 47 (47.0%) |
Highest level of completed education | |||
elementary school | 15 (16.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) |
high school | 61 (64.9%) | 49 (49.0%) | 28 (28.0%) |
college | 6 (6.4%) | 30 (30.0%) | 28 (28.0%) |
university | 12 (12.7%) | 21 (21.0%) | 44 (44.0%) |
Please indicate how many years you have been in agriculture, hospitality, and tourism (years) | 1–65 | 1–40 | 1–39 |
AS (SD) | 21.98 (14.26) | 11.69 (8.19) | 18.90 (10.60) |
No. of Factors | Initial Values | After Extraction | λ After Rotation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parallel Analysis | Λ | % of Variance | Cumulative % | % Variances | Cumulative % | ||
1 | 1.62 | 11.815 | 31.025 | 31.025 | 28.732 | 28.732 | 10.102 |
2 | 1.53 | 2.745 | 7.214 | 38.239 | 5.689 | 34.421 | 6.725 |
3 | 1.47 | 1.682 | 4.375 | 42.614 | 2.845 | 37.266 | 6.785 |
4 | 1.42 | 1.542 | 3.995 | 46.609 | 2.562 | 39.828 | 5.821 |
5 | 1.38 | 1.421 | 3.725 | 50.334 | 2.194 | 42.022 | 1.604 |
6 | 1.35 | 1.262 | 3.330 | 53.664 |
Items | Loadings |
---|---|
Intersectoral collaboration contributes to increasing revenue from tourism, agriculture, and hospitality. | 0.77 |
Investing in intersectoral cooperation brings economic benefits to the local community. | 0.90 |
Intersectoral collaboration can contribute to improving the standard of living of local communities. | 0.46 |
Tourism and agriculture together contribute to employment in rural areas. | 0.74 |
Sustainable intersectoral cooperation can help preserve traditional skills and cultural values. | 0.52 |
Intersectoral collaboration between tourism, agriculture, and hospitality helps in preserving natural resources. | 0.38 |
Preserving local customs and traditions should be a priority in tourism development. | 0.39 |
Through intersectoral cooperation, the authenticity of the destination can be preserved. | 0.41 |
Improving infrastructure in tourism and agriculture positively affects intersectoral collaboration. | 0.55 |
Technological innovations can contribute to the sustainable development of tourism in the region. | 0.63 |
Well-established communication between sectors is key to successful intersectoral cooperation. | 0.79 |
Collaboration between farmers, hoteliers, and tourism stakeholders reduces operating costs in all sectors. | 0.68 |
Investing in transportation and communication networks is essential for the development of intersectoral cooperation. | 0.73 |
Transparency in operations can improve collaboration among different sectors. | 0.67 |
Lack of flexibility in business models hampers intersectoral cooperation. | 0.63 |
There is a lack of trust between farmers, hoteliers, and tourism stakeholders. | 0.55 |
The use of environmentally friendly methods in production is a necessity in tourism development. | 0.57 |
Items | Loadings |
---|---|
There is a need for organizing educational programs that connect farmers, hoteliers, and tourism stakeholders. | 0.38 |
There is insufficient education on how intersectoral collaboration can contribute to sustainable tourism development in our region. | 0.56 |
There is a need for organizing educational programs that connect farmers, hoteliers, and tourism stakeholders. | 0.35 |
Education on sustainable practices in tourism should be part of training for all sector actors. | 0.80 |
Farmers and hoteliers should be introduced to new technologies and methods that support the sustainability of tourism. | 0.49 |
Farmers, hoteliers, and tourism stakeholders should participate in joint workshops and seminars that support intersectoral cooperation. | 0.35 |
Exchange of experiences and best practices among stakeholders from different sectors can improve intersectoral collaboration. | 0.46 |
Tourism workers need additional training to learn how to communicate better with farmers and hoteliers. | 0.48 |
Introducing joint educational sessions can contribute to better collaboration between sectors. | 0.36 |
Items | Loadings |
---|---|
Government policies should encourage greater private sector involvement in the development of tourism, agriculture, and hospitality. | 0.38 |
The government should provide more support to local communities in developing intersectoral collaboration that includes agriculture, hospitality, and tourism. | 0.50 |
The government should develop specific policies that encourage intersectoral collaboration between agriculture, hospitality, and tourism. | 0.79 |
Government subsidies and financial incentives should be available to farmers, hoteliers, and tourism stakeholders to encourage them to engage in intersectoral collaboration. | 0.78 |
Items | Loadings |
---|---|
There is a disagreement between farmers and hoteliers regarding the prices and quality of products used in tourism. | 0.62 |
Hoteliers believe that intersectoral linking can improve their business model and attract more tourists. | 0.51 |
Hoteliers expect greater consistency in product quality from farmers to enhance the tourism offering. | 0.68 |
There is a disagreement between farmers and hoteliers regarding the constant availability of products on the hospitality and tourism market. | 0.64 |
Farmers and hoteliers recognize the importance of intersectoral collaboration for the development of sustainable tourism. | 0.39 |
Items | Loadings |
---|---|
Infrastructure for the direct sale of local products is not sufficiently developed to support tourism. | 0.50 |
There is a need for infrastructure projects that would enable the promotion and distribution of local products as tourist attractions. | 0.38 |
Scales of the Questionnaire | AS | SD | α | MIC |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sustainability | 4.09 | 0.62 | 0.92 | 0.41 |
Education | 3.56 | 0.69 | 0.79 | 0.32 |
Government Policy | 3.71 | 0.75 | 0.74 | 0.42 |
Contribution of Hospitality and Agriculture | 3.48 | 0.72 | 0.72 | 0.34 |
Infrastructure | 3.26 | 1.00 | 0.61 | 0.43 |
Fit Index | Value | Recommended Range | Interpretation |
---|---|---|---|
Chi-square (χ2, p-value) | 312.45 (p = 0.06) | p > 0.05 (ideal) | The model fits the data well. |
CFI (Comparative Fit Index) | 0.93 | ≥0.90 (good), ≥0.95 (excellent) | The model shows a high degree of alignment. |
TLI (Tucker–Lewis Index) | 0.91 | ≥0.90 (good), ≥0.95 (excellent) | The model has an adequate structure. |
RMSEA (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation) | 0.05 | ≤0.08 (good), ≤0.05 (excellent) | The model shows minimal error. |
SRMR (Standardized Root Mean Residual) | 0.06 | ≤0.08 (good) | The model is consistent with the data. |
Item | Sustainability | Education | Government Policy | Contribution | Infrastructure |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
s1 | 0.79 | - | - | - | - |
s2 | 0.77 | - | - | - | - |
s3 | 0.74 | - | - | - | - |
s4 | 0.71 | - | - | - | - |
s5 | 0.78 | - | - | - | - |
s6 | 0.76 | - | - | - | - |
s7 | 0.80 | - | - | - | - |
s8 | 0.74 | - | - | - | - |
s9 | 0.73 | - | - | - | - |
s10 | 0.79 | - | - | - | - |
s11 | 0.81 | - | - | - | - |
s12 | 0.77 | - | - | - | - |
s13 | 0.76 | - | - | - | - |
s14 | 0.78 | - | - | - | - |
s15 | 0.75 | - | - | - | - |
s16 | 0.80 | - | - | - | - |
s17 | 0.77 | - | - | - | - |
s18 | - | 0.82 | - | - | - |
s19 | - | 0.79 | - | - | - |
s20 | - | 0.76 | - | - | - |
s21 | - | 0.75 | - | - | - |
s22 | - | 0.78 | - | - | - |
s23 | - | 0.79 | - | - | - |
s24 | - | 0.81 | - | - | - |
s25 | - | 0.77 | - | - | - |
s26 | - | 0.75 | - | - | - |
s27 | - | - | 0.70 | - | - |
s28 | - | - | 0.72 | - | - |
s29 | - | - | 0.75 | - | - |
s30 | - | - | 0.76 | - | - |
s31 | - | - | - | 0.74 | - |
s32 | - | - | - | 0.78 | - |
s33 | - | - | - | 0.80 | - |
s34 | - | - | - | 0.77 | - |
s35 | - | - | - | 0.75 | - |
s36 | - | - | - | - | 0.71 |
s37 | - | - | - | - | 0.69 |
Factor | Sustainability | Education | Government Policy | Contribution | Infrastructure |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sustainability | 1.00 | 0.58 | 0.50 | 0.53 | 0.47 |
Education | 0.58 | 1.00 | 0.54 | 0.48 | 0.45 |
Government Policy | 0.50 | 0.54 | 1.00 | 0.49 | 0.46 |
Contribution of Hospitality and Agriculture | 0.53 | 0.48 | 0.49 | 1.00 | 0.50 |
Infrastructure | 0.47 | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.50 | 1.00 |
Dimensions | F (2,586) | p | η2 |
---|---|---|---|
Sustainability | 18.68 | 0.000 | 0.06 |
Education | 34.46 | 0.000 | 0.11 |
Government Policy | 8.00 | 0.000 | 0.03 |
Contribution of Hospitality and Agriculture | 17.27 | 0.000 | 0.06 |
Infrastructure | 4.51 | 0.011 | 0.02 |
Dependent Variable | (I) Group | (J) Group | Mean Difference (I-J) | Std. Error | Sig. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sustainability | 1.00 farmers | 2.00 hospitality providers | 0.13073 | 0.06086 | 0.096 |
3.00 tourism stakeholders | −0.23011 | 0.06086 | 0.001 | ||
2.00 hospitality providers | 1.00 farmers | −0.13073 | 0.06086 | 0.096 | |
3.00 tourism stakeholders | −0.36084 | 0.05975 | 0.000 | ||
3.00 tourism stakeholders | 1.00 farmers | 0.23011 | 0.06086 | 0.001 | |
2.00 hospitality providers | 0.36084 | 0.05975 | 0.000 | ||
Education | 1.00 farmers | 2.00 hospitality providers | 0.41511 | 0.06620 | 0.000 |
3.00 tourism stakeholders | −0.09298 | 0.06620 | 0.482 | ||
2.00 hospitality providers | 1.00 farmers | −0.41511 | 0.06620 | 0.000 | |
3.00 tourism stakeholders | −0.50808 | 0.06499 | 0.000 | ||
3.00 tourism stakeholders | 1.00 farmers | 0.09298 | 0.06620 | 0.482 | |
2.00 hospitality providers | 0.50808 | 0.06499 | 0.000 | ||
Government Policy | 1.00 farmers | 2.00 hospitality providers | 0.19108 | 0.07498 | 0.033 |
3.00 tourism stakeholders | −0.09872 | 0.07498 | 0.565 | ||
2.00 hospitality providers | 1.00 farmers | −0.19108 | 0.07498 | 0.033 | |
3.00 tourism stakeholders | −0.28980 | 0.07362 | 0.000 | ||
3.00 tourism stakeholders | 1.00 farmers | 0.09872 | 0.07498 | 0.565 | |
2.00 hospitality providers | 0.28980 | 0.07362 | 0.000 | ||
Contribution of Hospitality and Agriculture | 1.00 farmers | 2.00 hospitality providers | 0.14129 | 0.07082 | 0.140 |
3.00 tourism stakeholders | −0.26170 | 0.07082 | 0.001 | ||
2.00 hospitality providers | 1.00 farmers | −0.14129 | 0.07082 | 0.140 | |
3.00 tourism stakeholders | −0.40299 | 0.06953 | 0.000 | ||
3.00 tourism stakeholders | 1.00 farmers | 0.26170 | 0.07082 | 0.001 | |
2.00 hospitality providers | 0.40299 | 0.06953 | 0.000 | ||
Infrastructure | 1.00 farmers | 2.00 hospitality providers | 0.15258 | 0.10128 | 0.397 |
3.00 tourism stakeholders | −0.14593 | 0.10128 | 0.450 | ||
2.00 hospitality providers | 1.00 farmers | −0.15258 | 0.10128 | 0.397 | |
3.00 tourism stakeholders | −0.29851 | 0.09944 | 0.008 | ||
3.00 tourism stakeholders | 1.00 farmers | 0.14593 | 0.10128 | 0.450 | |
2.00 hospitality providers | 0.29851 | 0.09944 | 0.008 |
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Paunić, M.; Kalenjuk Pivarski, B.; Tešanović, D.; Ivanović, V.; Vujasinović, V.; Gagić Jaraković, S.; Vulić, G.; Ćirić, M. Intersectoral Linking of Agriculture, Hospitality, and Tourism—A Model for Implementation in AP Vojvodina (Republic of Serbia). Agriculture 2025, 15, 604. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15060604
Paunić M, Kalenjuk Pivarski B, Tešanović D, Ivanović V, Vujasinović V, Gagić Jaraković S, Vulić G, Ćirić M. Intersectoral Linking of Agriculture, Hospitality, and Tourism—A Model for Implementation in AP Vojvodina (Republic of Serbia). Agriculture. 2025; 15(6):604. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15060604
Chicago/Turabian StylePaunić, Maja, Bojana Kalenjuk Pivarski, Dragan Tešanović, Velibor Ivanović, Vesna Vujasinović, Snježana Gagić Jaraković, Gordana Vulić, and Miloš Ćirić. 2025. "Intersectoral Linking of Agriculture, Hospitality, and Tourism—A Model for Implementation in AP Vojvodina (Republic of Serbia)" Agriculture 15, no. 6: 604. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15060604
APA StylePaunić, M., Kalenjuk Pivarski, B., Tešanović, D., Ivanović, V., Vujasinović, V., Gagić Jaraković, S., Vulić, G., & Ćirić, M. (2025). Intersectoral Linking of Agriculture, Hospitality, and Tourism—A Model for Implementation in AP Vojvodina (Republic of Serbia). Agriculture, 15(6), 604. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15060604