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Agriculture
Volume 15
Issue 21
10.3390/agriculture15212206
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Characterization and Evaluation of Biomass Waste Biochar for Turfgrass Growing Medium Enhancement in a Pot Experiment

by
Marija Koprivica
1,*,
Jelena Petrović
1,
Marija Simić
1,
Jelena Dimitrijević
1,
Marija Ercegović
1 and
Snežana Trifunović
2
1
Institute for Technology of Nuclear and Other Mineral Raw Materials, Franchet d’ Esperey 86, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
2
Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Agriculture 2025, 15(21), 2206; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15212206
Submission received: 16 September 2025 / Revised: 17 October 2025 / Accepted: 22 October 2025 / Published: 23 October 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Soils)
Versions Notes

Abstract

The sustainable management of urban grasslands is crucial for resilient city ecosystems. With increasing urbanization, improving soil quality to support turfgrass growth has become a priority. This study evaluates biochar produced from Paulownia leaves (PLB), a low-cost byproduct of Paulownia cultivation, as a growing medium amendment. Raw leaves (PL) and PLB were characterized by SEM, FTIR, and elemental analysis to assess physicochemical changes. A three-month pot experiment under outdoor conditions was conducted with turfgrass plots exposed to different irrigation and fertilization regimes. Growing medium pH, moisture, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, nutrient availability, grass chlorophyll content, and uptake were monitored. The application of PLB improved the growing medium structure, raised the pH by up to one unit, and enhanced pigment accumulation in turfgrass samples. When combined with nitrogen fertilizer, PLB significantly increased turfgrass visual quality, whereas under limited irrigation, PLB alone improved seedling establishment compared to controls. Statistical analysis confirmed significant treatment effects by ANOVA, and PCA provided a precise classification of treatment groups. These findings indicate that PLB can improve nutrient efficiency, turfgrass resilience, and organic waste management.
Keywords: Paulownia leaves biochar; chemical and structural properties; growing medium amendment; turfgrass; chlorophyll content; nutrient efficiency; PCA/ANOVA Paulownia leaves biochar; chemical and structural properties; growing medium amendment; turfgrass; chlorophyll content; nutrient efficiency; PCA/ANOVA

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MDPI and ACS Style

Koprivica, M.; Petrović, J.; Simić, M.; Dimitrijević, J.; Ercegović, M.; Trifunović, S. Characterization and Evaluation of Biomass Waste Biochar for Turfgrass Growing Medium Enhancement in a Pot Experiment. Agriculture 2025, 15, 2206. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15212206

AMA Style

Koprivica M, Petrović J, Simić M, Dimitrijević J, Ercegović M, Trifunović S. Characterization and Evaluation of Biomass Waste Biochar for Turfgrass Growing Medium Enhancement in a Pot Experiment. Agriculture. 2025; 15(21):2206. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15212206

Chicago/Turabian Style

Koprivica, Marija, Jelena Petrović, Marija Simić, Jelena Dimitrijević, Marija Ercegović, and Snežana Trifunović. 2025. "Characterization and Evaluation of Biomass Waste Biochar for Turfgrass Growing Medium Enhancement in a Pot Experiment" Agriculture 15, no. 21: 2206. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15212206

APA Style

Koprivica, M., Petrović, J., Simić, M., Dimitrijević, J., Ercegović, M., & Trifunović, S. (2025). Characterization and Evaluation of Biomass Waste Biochar for Turfgrass Growing Medium Enhancement in a Pot Experiment. Agriculture, 15(21), 2206. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15212206

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