The Effect of Dietary Humic Substances on Cellular Immunity and Blood Characteristics in Piglets
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design
2.2. Sampling and Measurements
2.2.1. Haematological and Serum Biochemical Parameters
2.2.2. Biomarker of the Lipid Peroxidation
2.2.3. Phagocyte Activity Testing and Identification of Lymphocyte Subpopulations
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Haematological and Serum Biochemical Parameters
3.2. Cellular Immune Response
4. Discussion
4.1. Cellular Immune Response
4.2. Haematological and Serum Biochemical Parameters
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Control Diet | Experimental Diet | ||
---|---|---|---|
Components | |||
Corn | [%] | 25.00 | 25.00 |
Wheat | [%] | 22.50 | 22.50 |
Barley | [%] | 28.00 | 27.50 |
Soybean meal | [%] | 21.00 | 21.00 |
Vitamin-mineral premix with 3-phytase 1 | [%] | 3.00 | 3.00 |
Sodium chloride | [%] | 0.12 | 0.12 |
L-Lysine | [%] | 0.23 | 0.23 |
DL-Methionine | [%] | 0.06 | 0.06 |
L-Threonine | [%] | 0.09 | 0.09 |
HS supplement 2 | [%] | - | 0.50 |
Composition by analysis | |||
Dry matter | [g·kg−1] | 885.2 | 884.3 |
Crude protein | [g·kg−1] | 178.2 | 177.4 |
Crude fibre | [g·kg−1] | 35.4 | 38.9 |
Ash | [g·kg−1] | 54.1 | 57.6 |
Starch | [g·kg−1] | 445.0 | 438.0 |
Calcium | [g·kg−1] | 6.4 | 7.0 |
Phosphorus | [g·kg−1] | 5.6 | 5.6 |
Sodium | [g·kg−1] | 2.7 | 2.8 |
Metabolisable energy | [MJ·kg−1] | 13.07 | 13.02 |
Type | Fluorochrome | Clone | Amount/50 µL Blood | Producer |
---|---|---|---|---|
anti-CD3e | FITC | BB23-8E6 | 4 µL | BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA |
anti-CD4 | FITC | MIL 17 | 4 µL | AbD Serotec, Kidlington, UK |
anti-CD8a | R-PE | MIL 12 | 2 µL | AbD Serotec, Kidlington, UK |
anti-CD25 | PE-Cy7 | PC 61.5 | 1 µL | eBioscience, San Diego, CA, USA |
anti-CD21 | R-PE | BB6-11C9.6 | 2 µL | SuthernBiotech, Homewood, AL, USA |
Control | Experimental | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Haematological indices | ||||
Red blood cells | [T·L−1] | 6.82 ± 0.10 | 6.81 ± 0.10 | 0.954 |
Mean corpuscular volume | [fL] | 51.00 ± 0.26 | 52.00 ± 0.89 | 0.308 |
Haematocrit | [L·L−1] | 0.35 ± 0.01 | 0.35 ± 0.01 | 0.739 |
Haemoglobin | [g·dL−1] | 11.68 ± 0.25 | 11.58 ± 0.19 | 0.755 |
White blood cells | [G·L−1] | 10.87 ± 0.20 | 12.28 ± 1.24 | 0.287 |
Serum metabolites | ||||
Total protein | [g·L−1] | 60.03 ± 0.55 | 60.41 ± 0.68 | 0.675 |
Albumin | [g·L−1] | 28.78 ± 1.76 | 32.80 ± 0.87 | 0.067 |
Glucose | [mmol·L−1] | 5.05 ± 0.05 | 5.19 ± 0.10 | 0.217 |
Urea | [mmol·L−1] | 3.89 ± 0.20 | 3.73 ± 0.25 | 0.621 |
Triglycerides | [mmol·L−1] | 0.78 ± 0.09 | 0.89 ± 0.07 | 0.375 |
Cholesterol | [mmol·L−1] | 2.45 ± 0.17 | 2.47 ± 0.19 | 0.934 |
Creatinine | [μmol·L−1] | 79.90 ± 3.55 | 81.10 ± 3.72 | 0.820 |
ALP | [μkat·L−1] | 4.24 ± 0.12 | 4.60 ± 0.10 * | 0.041 |
AST | [μkat·L−1] | 0.84 ± 0.03 | 0.88 ± 0.06 | 0.546 |
Ca | [mmol·L−1] | 2.68 ± 0.04 | 2.82 ± 0.05 | 0.052 |
P | [mmol·L−1] | 2.09 ± 0.02 | 2.11 ± 0.04 | 0.692 |
TBARs | [nmol MDA·mL−1] | 0.72 ± 0.03 | 0.69 ± 0.03 | 0.562 |
PAtotal [%] | PANeu [%] | PAMo [%] | |
---|---|---|---|
Control | 83.08 ± 0.62 | 85.68 ± 0.60 | 77.18 ± 1.76 |
Experimental | 84.90 ± 1.33 | 88.04 ± 0.94 | 78.08 ± 2.10 |
p-Value | 0.251 | 0.067 | 0.751 |
MFItotal | MFINeu | MFIMo | |
---|---|---|---|
Control | 31,775 ± 3010 | 34,783 ± 3223 | 18,744 ± 1858 |
Experimental | 36,057 ± 1097 | 39,560 ± 1220 | 19,041 ± 929 |
p-Value | 0.218 | 0.203 | 0.889 |
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Bujňák, L.; Hreško Šamudovská, A.; Mudroňová, D.; Naď, P.; Marcinčák, S.; Maskaľová, I.; Harčárová, M.; Karaffová, V.; Bartkovský, M. The Effect of Dietary Humic Substances on Cellular Immunity and Blood Characteristics in Piglets. Agriculture 2023, 13, 636. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13030636
Bujňák L, Hreško Šamudovská A, Mudroňová D, Naď P, Marcinčák S, Maskaľová I, Harčárová M, Karaffová V, Bartkovský M. The Effect of Dietary Humic Substances on Cellular Immunity and Blood Characteristics in Piglets. Agriculture. 2023; 13(3):636. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13030636
Chicago/Turabian StyleBujňák, Lukáš, Alena Hreško Šamudovská, Dagmar Mudroňová, Pavel Naď, Slavomír Marcinčák, Iveta Maskaľová, Michaela Harčárová, Viera Karaffová, and Martin Bartkovský. 2023. "The Effect of Dietary Humic Substances on Cellular Immunity and Blood Characteristics in Piglets" Agriculture 13, no. 3: 636. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13030636
APA StyleBujňák, L., Hreško Šamudovská, A., Mudroňová, D., Naď, P., Marcinčák, S., Maskaľová, I., Harčárová, M., Karaffová, V., & Bartkovský, M. (2023). The Effect of Dietary Humic Substances on Cellular Immunity and Blood Characteristics in Piglets. Agriculture, 13(3), 636. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13030636