Subcellular Responses and Avoidance Behavior in Earthworm Eisenia andrei Exposed to Pesticides in the Artificial Soil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Test Organism
2.3. Determination of Acute Toxicity
2.4. Assessment of Biomarker Responses
2.5. Assessment of Avoidance Behavior
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Acute Toxicity of Investigated Pesticides
3.2. Avoidance Behavior
3.3. Biomarker Responses
3.4. Fluorescence-Based ROS and GSH Determination
3.5. MXR Activity
4. Discussion
4.1. Acute Toxicity
4.2. Avoidance Behavior
4.3. Enzymatic Biomarker Responses
4.4. Non-Enzymatic Oxidative Stress-Related Responses
4.5. MXR Activity
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Active Ingredient | Mortality 1 in % | Commercial Preparation | Concentration in mg/kg | |
---|---|---|---|---|
thiacloprid | 53% at 850 mg/kg | Calypso | LC10 | 29.720 |
LC50 | 102.035 | |||
LC90 | 350.312 | |||
esfenvalerate | 80% at 300 mg/kg | Sumialfa | LC10 | 5.723 |
LC50 | 10.149 | |||
LC90 | 17.800 | |||
dimethenamid-p | 80% at 1000 mg/kg | Frontier | LC10 | 108.468 |
LC50 | 249.804 | |||
LC90 | 575.302 | |||
prosulfocarb | 0% at 1200 mg/kg | Filon | LC10 | 312.452 |
LC50 | 558.376 | |||
LC90 | 982.145 |
Pesticide | Concentration (mg/kg) | Distribution (%) | Net Response (%) | Toxicity Evaluation 1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Treated | ||||
Calypso | 1 | 60 | 40 | 20 | NRHF |
5 | 50 | 50 | 0 | NRHF | |
10 | 68 | 32 | 36 | NRHF | |
Sumialfa | 0.5 | 48 | 52 | −4 | NRHF |
2.5 * | 70 | 30 | 40 | NRHF | |
5 *** | 76 | 24 | 52 | NRHF | |
Frontier | 10 | 48 | 52 | −4 | NRHF |
50 * | 70 | 30 | 40 | NRHF | |
100 *** | 100 | 0 | 100 | RHF | |
Filon | 15 | 70 | 30 | 40 | NRHF |
75 ** | 87 | 13 | 73.33 | RHF | |
150 *** | 94 | 6 | 87.5 | RHF |
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Lackmann, C.; Šimić, A.; Ečimović, S.; Mikuška, A.; Seiler, T.-B.; Hollert, H.; Velki, M. Subcellular Responses and Avoidance Behavior in Earthworm Eisenia andrei Exposed to Pesticides in the Artificial Soil. Agriculture 2023, 13, 271. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13020271
Lackmann C, Šimić A, Ečimović S, Mikuška A, Seiler T-B, Hollert H, Velki M. Subcellular Responses and Avoidance Behavior in Earthworm Eisenia andrei Exposed to Pesticides in the Artificial Soil. Agriculture. 2023; 13(2):271. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13020271
Chicago/Turabian StyleLackmann, Carina, Antonio Šimić, Sandra Ečimović, Alma Mikuška, Thomas-Benjamin Seiler, Henner Hollert, and Mirna Velki. 2023. "Subcellular Responses and Avoidance Behavior in Earthworm Eisenia andrei Exposed to Pesticides in the Artificial Soil" Agriculture 13, no. 2: 271. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13020271