Effects of Subsurface Drainage on Soil Salinity and Groundwater Table in Drip Irrigated Cotton Fields in Oasis Regions of Tarim Basin
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Test Area
2.2. Test Design and Agronomic Management
2.3. Data Collection
3. Results and Analyses
3.1. Effects of Drain Spacing on Soil Salinity Distribution and Desalination Efficiency
3.2. Soil Salinity Leaching Curves
3.3. The Influence of Subsurface Drainage Drain Spacing on Groundwater Table
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- Compared with CK, the subsurface drainage decreased the soil salinity. Soil salinity decreased and fluctuated within a smaller range with decreasing in the drain spacing. The soil salinity of CK and W30 appeared accumulated throughout the whole year.
- (2)
- The soil salinity leaching percentage of each drip irrigation under the condition of subsurface drainage was between 10% and 25% significantly higher than the value obtained from no drainage (p < 0.05).
- (3)
- The soil salinity leaching curves accurately described the soil salinity leaching pattern of drip irrigation with the determination coefficients R2 higher than 0.93. The soil salinity leaching curves were inversely used to determine the theoretical drip irrigation leaching quota for saline soils with different soil salinization degrees, indicating that the subsurface drainage leaching effect is clearly related to the soil salinity; for soils with higher salinity, the drip irrigation leaching efficiency was better at the same quota. Reducing the drain spacing can decrease the drip irrigation quota under the condition of the same leaching efficiency and achieve more water-saving.
- (4)
- The groundwater table was shallow with large fluctuations under the condition of CK. The subsurface drainage reduced the groundwater table significantly (p < 0.05) and suppressed water level fluctuation. The reduction of drain spacing resulted in a lower groundwater table, less water level fluctuation, and the influence of the groundwater table fluctuation in no drainage area reduced.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Soil Depth, cm | 0–20 | 20–40 | 40–60 | 60–80 | 80–100 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soil bulk density, g/cm | 1.51 | 1.48 | 1.43 | 1.34 | 1.36 | |
Saturated soil moisture, % | 32.11 | 34.03 | 36.88 | 37.71 | 37.89 | |
Field water-holding capacity, % | 26.25 | 27.06 | 30.83 | 32.31 | 33.68 | |
permeability coefficient, cm/d | 11.2 | 8.8 | 8.1 | 8.6 | 7.9 | |
Soil texture | Sand, % | 66.32 | 68.82 | 76.51 | 84.46 | 91.84 |
Silt, % | 29.63 | 27.26 | 21.36 | 12.07 | 6.63 | |
Clay, % | 4.05 | 3.92 | 2.13 | 3.47 | 1.53 |
Year | Irrigation Date (d-m) | Irrigation Quota (mm) |
---|---|---|
2018 | 28-Jun | 37.5 |
11-Jul | 45 | |
25-Jul | 45 | |
2019 | 27-Jun | 37.5 |
13-Jul | 45 | |
26-Jul | 45 |
Year | Treatment | Squaring Period | Full-Bloom Period | Full-Boll Period |
---|---|---|---|---|
2018 | W10 | 19.52 ± 1.26 b | 20.86 ± 1.02 a | 15.34 ± 0.62 a |
W20 | 24.28 ± 1.50 a | 17.65 ± 0.72 b | 16.55 ± 1.32 a | |
W30 | 12.53 ± 0.90 c | 13.25 ± 0.50 c | 15.88 ± 0.94 a | |
CK | 5.43 ± 0.67 d | 8.69 ± 1.04 d | 4.33 ± 1.20 b | |
2019 | W10 | 12.35 ± 1.16 b | 15.81 ± 1.23 a | 17.99 ± 0.39 a |
W20 | 7.72 ± 0.34 c | 10.39 ± 0.72 b | 10.10 ± 1.15 b | |
W30 | 14.01 ± 0.13 a | 2.68 ± 0.29 d | 8.44 ± 0.32 b | |
CK | 2.02 ± 0.91 d | 6.77 ± 1.46 c | 4.38 ± 1.30 c |
Year | Treatment | June | July | August | September | Average |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2018 | W10 | 1.063 a | 1.121 a | 1.138 a | 1.161 a | 1.12 a |
W20 | 0.914 b | 0.995 b | 1.025 b | 0.999 ab | 1.00 b | |
W30 | 0.772 c | 0.812 c | 0.866 c | 0.882 b | 0.84 c | |
CK | 0.678 d | 0.706 d | 0.657 d | 0.703 c | 0.68 d | |
2019 | W10 | 1.018 a | 1.034 a | 1.015 a | 1.058 a | 1.03 a |
W20 | 0.878 b | 0.898 b | 0.933 b | 0.967 b | 0.92 b | |
W30 | 0.766 c | 0.774 c | 0.800 c | 0.869 c | 0.79 c | |
CK | 0.573 d | 0.614 d | 0.637 d | 0.787 d | 0.64 d |
Year | Soil Salinity before Leaching, C0 (g/kg) | Soil Salinity after Leaching, Ci (g/kg) | Theoretical Drip Irrigation Leaching Quota (mm) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
W10 | W20 | W30 | |||
2018 | 5.0 | 2.0 | 129.8 | 142.0 | 168.1 |
1.5 | 215.6 | 245.6 | 290.8 | ||
1.0 | 475.7 | 577.7 | 684.0 | ||
3.0 | 2.0 | 58.3 | 59.8 | 70.8 | |
1.5 | 96.8 | 103.4 | 122.5 | ||
1.0 | 213.6 | 243.3 | 288.0 | ||
2019 | 5.0 | 2.0 | 133.2 | 165.5 | 182.6 |
1.5 | 214.4 | 277.6 | 320.1 | ||
1.0 | 450.3 | 622.5 | 768.6 | ||
3.0 | 2.0 | 62.9 | 73.1 | 75.3 | |
1.5 | 101.2 | 122.7 | 132.0 | ||
1.0 | 212.6 | 275.1 | 316.9 |
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Yang, Y.; Li, D.; Huang, W.; Zhou, X.; Li, Z.; Dong, X.; Wang, X. Effects of Subsurface Drainage on Soil Salinity and Groundwater Table in Drip Irrigated Cotton Fields in Oasis Regions of Tarim Basin. Agriculture 2022, 12, 2167. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12122167
Yang Y, Li D, Huang W, Zhou X, Li Z, Dong X, Wang X. Effects of Subsurface Drainage on Soil Salinity and Groundwater Table in Drip Irrigated Cotton Fields in Oasis Regions of Tarim Basin. Agriculture. 2022; 12(12):2167. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12122167
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Yuhui, Dongwei Li, Weixiong Huang, Xinguo Zhou, Zhaoyang Li, Xiaomei Dong, and Xingpeng Wang. 2022. "Effects of Subsurface Drainage on Soil Salinity and Groundwater Table in Drip Irrigated Cotton Fields in Oasis Regions of Tarim Basin" Agriculture 12, no. 12: 2167. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12122167