Spatial Variability of Nitrogen Uptake and Net Removal and Actual Evapotranspiration in the California Desert Carrot Production System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Field Experiments
2.2. Instrumentation and Data Collection
2.3. Date Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Plant Density and Canopy Growth Model
3.2. Applied Water and Soil Water Tension Status
3.3. Actual Evapotranspiration and Crop Coefficients
3.4. Soil Nitrate-N Availability
3.5. Dry Matter Accumulation
3.6. N Uptake
3.7. Fresh Root Yield
4. Discussion
4.1. Crop Water and Nitrogen Use
4.2. N Removal
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Month | Season 2019–2020 | Season 2020–2021 | 10-Year Mean Temp. (°C) | 10-Year Mean Total Rainfall (mm) | 10-Year Mean Total ETo (mm) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean Temp. (°C) | Total Rainfall (mm) | Total ETo (mm) | Mean Temp. (°C) | Total Rainfall (mm) | Total ETo (mm) | ||||
October | 28.9 | 0.0 | 146.5 | 30.6 | 0.0 | 131.5 | 23.9 | 30.9 | 129.9 |
November | 17.1 | 19.4 | 80.5 | 16.9 | 0.0 | 79.4 | 17.2 | 2.8 | 81.3 |
December | 12.9 | 8.7 | 56.9 | 11.7 | 0.0 | 62.3 | 12.6 | 5.9 | 58.7 |
January | 12.6 | 0.0 | 65.9 | 12.9 | 16.5 | 67.6 | 13.0 | 9.0 | 66.3 |
February | 14.4 | 8.1 | 90.7 | 14.7 | 1.5 | 98.2 | 15.0 | 7.9 | 91.0 |
March | 16.5 | 65.6 | 63.4 | 16.6 | 3.8 | 159.2 | 19.1 | 7.6 | 156.3 |
April | 22.0 | 3.8 | 192.2 | 22.9 | 0.0 | 205.6 | 22.2 | 1.5 | 197.0 |
Experimental Site | Generic (Horizon m) | Soil Texture | Organic Matter (%) | NO3-N (ppm) | P (ppm) | K (ppm) | CEC (meq/100 g) | EC (dS/m) | pH |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DREC (19–20) | 0–0.3 | Sandy clay loam | 0.96 | 14.8 | 18.0 | 283 | 18.4 | 1.7 | 8.0 |
0.3–0.6 | Sandy loam | 0.69 | 3.5 | 11.2 | 224 | 16.7 | 1.1 | 8.2 | |
0.6–0.9 | Sandy loam | 0.53 | 0.5 | 4.0 | 111 | 12.4 | 1.1 | 8.3 | |
I | 0–0.3 | Silty clay loam | 1.18 | 15.4 | 109.5 | 141 | 30.9 | 1.6 | 8.1 |
0.3–0.6 | Silty clay | 0.85 | 9.4 | 8.2 | 326 | 45.1 | 1.5 | 8.4 | |
0.6–0.9 | Clay | 0.97 | 7.0 | 5.9 | 360 | 63.7 | 1.6 | 8.6 | |
II | 0–0.3 | Sandy loam | 1.01 | 21.1 | 9.7 | 76 | 17.5 | 1.6 | 7.7 |
0.3–0.6 | Sandy loam | 0.79 | 11.0 | 13.1 | 63 | 17.9 | 1.0 | 7.0 | |
0.6–0.9 | Sandy loam | 0.71 | 6.3 | 5.4 | 59 | 16.0 | 0.9 | 8.0 | |
III | 0–0.3 | Sandy loam | 0.94 | 18.7 | 11.6 | 87 | 16.8 | 1.5 | 8.0 |
0.3–0.6 | Silty loam | 1.03 | 11.4 | 14.2 | 67 | 19.2 | 1.0 | 7.9 | |
0.6–0.9 | Loamy sand | 0.59 | 7.8 | 7.3 | 66 | 14.7 | 1.1 | 8.1 | |
IV | 0–0.3 | Silty loam | 1.12 | 10.7 | 14.4 | 74 | 24.2 | 1.8 | 7.9 |
0.3–0.6 | Silty loam | 0.79 | 6.0 | 5.6 | 55 | 22.4 | 1.6 | 8.0 | |
0.6–0.9 | Sandy loam | 0.50 | 2.7 | 4.3 | 29 | 14.1 | 0.9 | 8.1 | |
V | 0–0.3 | Sandy loam | 0.99 | 6.8 | 50.9 | 85 | 15.2 | 1.3 | 7.8 |
0.3–0.6 | Silty loam | 0.72 | 2.3 | 9.9 | 46 | 20.0 | 0.4 | 8.2 | |
0.6–0.9 | Sandy loam | 0.57 | 2.6 | 5.6 | 39 | 17.2 | 0.8 | 8.1 | |
DREC (20–21) | 0–0.3 | Sandy clay loam | 0.98 | 16.1 | 19.4 | 303 | 18.9 | 1.7 | 8.0 |
0.3–0.6 | Sandy loam | 0.73 | 8.2 | 14.2 | 264 | 17.3 | 1.3 | 8.1 | |
0.6–0.9 | Sandy loam | 0.56 | 3.3 | 10.5 | 178 | 13.0 | 1.2 | 8.2 | |
VI | 0–0.3 | Sandy loam | 0.94 | 10.1 | 25.0 | 99 | 14.5 | 1.5 | 8.0 |
0.3–0.6 | Sandy loam | 0.70 | 6.8 | 9.3 | 66 | 16.7 | 0.6 | 8.2 | |
0.6–0.9 | Sandy loam | 0.51 | 6.7 | 2.9 | 73 | 12.7 | 1.4 | 8.3 | |
VII | 0–0.3 | Silty loam | 1.49 | 15.5 | 79.4 | 101 | 19.3 | 1.6 | 7.9 |
0.3–0.6 | Silty loam | 0.76 | 5.0 | 10.7 | 65 | 15.6 | 1.3 | 8.2 | |
0.6–0.9 | Loamy sand | 0.6 | 2.5 | 1.9 | 63 | 15.5 | 3.3 | 8.3 | |
VIII | 0–0.3 | Sandy clay loam | 1.41 | 30.1 | 5.7 | 78 | 19.2 | 2.3 | 8.2 |
0.3–0.6 | Sandy clay loam | 1.09 | 19.9 | 2.3 | 71 | 23.7 | 2.1 | 8.3 | |
0.6–0.9 | Sandy loam | 0.65 | 14.2 | 1.3 | 71 | 16.2 | 5.7 | 8.0 | |
IX | 0–0.3 | Silty loam | 1.21 | 30.3 | 8.8 | 80 | 22.1 | 2.0 | 8.1 |
0.3–0.6 | Silty loam | 1.04 | 24.8 | 2.4 | 61 | 22.4 | 2.4 | 8.1 | |
0.6–0.9 | Sandy loam | 0.62 | 13.8 | 1.8 | 40 | 11.6 | 3.2 | 8.1 |
Season | Experimental Site | Seeding Date | Harvest Date | Irrigation Practice | Carrot Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019–2020 | DREC | 11 October 2019 | 18 March 2020 (DAS 160) | Sprinkler | Fresh market |
I | 24 October 2019 | 30 March 2020 (DAS 159) | Sprinkler | Fresh market | |
II | 2 October 2019 | 19 March 2020 (DAS 169) | Furrow | Fresh market | |
III | 4 October 2019 | 17 March 2020 (DAS 166) | Furrow | Fresh market | |
IV | 25 September 2019 | 30 January 2020 (DAS 128) | Furrow | Processing | |
V | 29 October 2019 | 16 March 2020 (DAS 140) | Furrow | Processing | |
2020–2021 | DREC | 14 October 2020 | 21 March 2021 (DAS 159) | Sprinkler | Fresh market |
VI | 1 October 2020 | 11 March 2021 (DAS 162) | Furrow | Processing | |
VII | 13 October 2020 | 26 March 2021 (DAS 165) | Furrow | Processing | |
VIII | 2 October 2020 | 12 April 2021 (DAS 193) | Sprinkler | Fresh market | |
IX | 16 October 2020 | 7 April 2021 (DAS 174) | Sprinkler | Processing |
Site | DREC (19–20) | I | II | III | IV | V | DREC (20–21) | VI | VII | VIII | IX |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plant Density | 140 ± 7 | 129 ± 12 | 126 ± 14 | 141 ± 5 | 318 ± 11 | 320 ± 16 | 133 ± 6 | 297 ± 25 | 292 ± 31 | 128 ± 9 | 307 ± 13 |
Experimental Site | N Application Rate (kg ha−1) | Pre-Seeding | Post-Harvest | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
30–60 cm | 60–90 cm | 90–120 cm | 30–60 cm | 60–90 cm | 90–120 cm | ||
Fresh Market Carrots | |||||||
DREC-1 (20–21) | 197.5 | 15.2 | 11.2 | 13.7 | 4.3 | 3.8 | 13.0 |
DREC-1 (19–20) | 205.2 | 12.1 | 7.9 | 13.4 | 10.8 | 8.3 | 12.5 |
I | 220.9 | 10.3 | 9.8 | 8.9 | 10.7 | 7.9 | 8.5 |
DREC-2 (20–21) | 232.5 | 16.7 | 11.5 | 14.1 | 5.6 | 6.5 | 14.7 |
DREC-2 (19–20) | 239.4 | 10.7 | 11.3 | 13.2 | 11.3 | 13.0 | 12.8 |
VIII | 256.6 | 19.9 | 14.2 | 13.4 | 4.4 | 8.2 | 12.6 |
III | 277.5 | 8.7 | 11.1 | 9.5 | 2.7 | 8.9 | 11.5 |
II | 293.7 | 14.7 | 13.2 | 7.2 | 12.5 | 15.7 | 10.8 |
DREC-3 (20–21) | 298.2 | 15.5 | 12.4 | 12.6 | 16.3 | 14.5 | 14.3 |
DREC-3 (19–20) | 305.3 | 11.0 | 8.8 | 14.7 | 13.3 | 12.3 | 16.1 |
Significance | L | NS | NS | NS | NS | * | NS |
Q | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | |
R2 | - | - | - | - | 0.55 | - | |
Processing carrots | |||||||
IV | 211.8 | 8.6 | 11.3 | 8.6 | 9.1 | 13.7 | 8.0 |
V | 220.8 | 6.8 | 6.7 | 3.9 | 2.3 | 4.2 | 5.2 |
VI | 247.7 | 5.0 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 3.2 | 9.3 |
VII | 258.5 | 24.8 | 13.8 | 12.3 | 16.6 | 15.8 | 11.9 |
IX | 266.0 | 6.9 | 9.7 | 11.7 | 7.5 | 11.5 | 13.4 |
Significance | L | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | * |
Q | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | |
R2 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.69 |
Experimental Site | N Applied (kg ha−1) | N in Roots (kg ha−1) | N in Tops (kg ha−1) | Total N Uptake (kg ha−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fresh Market Carrots | ||||
DREC-1 (20–21) | 197.5 | 164.6 | 116.1 | 280.7 |
DREC-1 (19–20) | 205.2 | 145.6 | 105.5 | 251.1 |
I | 220.9 | 135.5 | 90.6 | 226.1 |
DREC-2 (20–21) | 232.5 | 159.2 | 119.8 | 279.0 |
DREC-2 (19–20) | 239.4 | 156.8 | 110.7 | 267.5 |
VIII | 256.6 | 227.3 | 123.2 | 350.5 |
III | 277.5 | 152.3 | 108.8 | 261.1 |
II | 293.7 | 145.6 | 118.7 | 264.3 |
DREC-3 (20–21) | 298.2 | 151.2 | 135.5 | 286.7 |
DREC-3 (19–20) | 305.3 | 150.1 | 131.3 | 281.4 |
Significance | L | NS | * | NS |
Q | NS | NS | NS | |
R2 | - | 0.33 | - | |
Processing carrots | ||||
IV | 211.8 | 105.3 | 100.1 | 205.4 |
VI | 220.8 | 153.4 | 93.7 | 247.1 |
VII | 247.7 | 134.4 | 106.6 | 241.0 |
IX | 258.5 | 191.5 | 108.0 | 299.5 |
V | 266.0 | 117.6 | 109.4 | 227.0 |
Significance | L | NS | * | NS |
Q | NS | NS | NS | |
R2 | - | 0.69 | - |
Experimental Site | N Applied (kg ha−1) | Mean ± SD (Mg ha−1) | |
---|---|---|---|
Fresh market carrots | DREC-1 (20–21) | 197.5 | 104.7 ± 7.7 |
DREC-1 (19–20) | 205.2 | 111.5 ± 10.1 | |
I | 220.9 | 104.0 ± 8.7 | |
DREC-2 (20–21) | 232.5 | 105.8 ± 7.2 | |
DREC-2 (19–20) | 239.4 | 112.7 ± 8.5 | |
VIII | 256.6 | 132.7 ± 11.8 | |
III | 277.5 | 120.8 ± 9.5 | |
II | 293.7 | 118.3 ± 6.6 | |
DREC-3 (20–21) | 298.2 | 101.1 ± 8.3 | |
DREC-3 (19–20) | 305.3 | 109.6 ± 9.4 | |
Significance | L | NS | |
Q | NS | ||
R2 | - | ||
Processing carrots | IV | 211.8 | 83.8 ± 9.8 |
VI | 220.8 | 97.1 ± 8.6 | |
VII | 247.7 | 101.7 ± 9.3 | |
IX | 258.5 | 110.0 ± 10.7 | |
V | 266.0 | 96.6 ± 8.9 | |
Significance | L | NS | |
Q | NS | ||
R2 | - |
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Montazar, A.; Geisseler, D.; Cahn, M. Spatial Variability of Nitrogen Uptake and Net Removal and Actual Evapotranspiration in the California Desert Carrot Production System. Agriculture 2021, 11, 752. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11080752
Montazar A, Geisseler D, Cahn M. Spatial Variability of Nitrogen Uptake and Net Removal and Actual Evapotranspiration in the California Desert Carrot Production System. Agriculture. 2021; 11(8):752. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11080752
Chicago/Turabian StyleMontazar, Aliasghar, Daniel Geisseler, and Michael Cahn. 2021. "Spatial Variability of Nitrogen Uptake and Net Removal and Actual Evapotranspiration in the California Desert Carrot Production System" Agriculture 11, no. 8: 752. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11080752