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Volume 11
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10.3390/agriculture11010052
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Article

Effect of Paddy-Upland Rotation System on the Net Greenhouse Gas Balance as the Sum of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions and Soil Carbon Storage: A Case in Western Japan

by
Hiroyuki Hasukawa
1,*,
Yumi Inoda
1,
Satoshi Toritsuka
1,
Shigeto Sudo
2,
Noriko Oura
2,
Tomohito Sano
2,3,
Yasuhito Shirato
2 and
Junta Yanai
4
1
Agricultural Technology Promotion Center of Shiga Prefecture, Omihachiman 521-1301, Japan
2
NARO Institute for Agro-Environmental Science, Tsukuba 305-8604, Japan
3
NARO Headquarters, Tsukuba 305-8517, Japan
4
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Agriculture 2021, 11(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11010052
Submission received: 29 November 2020 / Revised: 29 December 2020 / Accepted: 1 January 2021 / Published: 10 January 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Rice Farming and Greenhouse Gas Emissions)
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Abstract

To investigate the effect of paddy-upland (PU) rotation system on greenhouse gas emissions, methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions were monitored for three years for a PU rotation field (four cultivations (wheat-soybean-rice-rice) over three years) and continuous paddy (CP) field on alluvial soil in western Japan. Soil carbon storage was also calculated using an improved Rothamsted Carbon (RothC) model. The net greenhouse gas balance was finally evaluated as the sum of CO2eq of the CH4, N2O and changes in soil carbon storage. The average CH4 emissions were significantly lower and the average N2O emissions were significantly higher in the PU field than those in the CP field (p < 0.01). On CO2 equivalent basis, CH4 emissions were much higher than N2O emission. In total, the average CO2eq emissions of CH4 plus N2O in the PU field (1.81 Mg CO2 ha−1 year−1) were significantly lower than those in the CP field (7.42 Mg CO2 ha−1 year−1) (p < 0.01). The RothC model revealed that the changes in soil carbon storage corresponded to CO2eq emissions of 0.57 and 0.09 Mg CO2 ha−1 year−1 in the both fields, respectively. Consequently, the net greenhouse gas balance in the PU and CP fields were estimated to be 2.38 and 7.51 Mg CO2 ha−1 year−1, respectively, suggesting a 68% reduction in the PU system. In conclusion, PU rotation system can be regarded as one type of the climate-smart soil management.
Keywords: greenhouse gases emissions; methane; nitrous oxide; paddy-upland rotation; soil carbon storage greenhouse gases emissions; methane; nitrous oxide; paddy-upland rotation; soil carbon storage

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MDPI and ACS Style

Hasukawa, H.; Inoda, Y.; Toritsuka, S.; Sudo, S.; Oura, N.; Sano, T.; Shirato, Y.; Yanai, J. Effect of Paddy-Upland Rotation System on the Net Greenhouse Gas Balance as the Sum of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions and Soil Carbon Storage: A Case in Western Japan. Agriculture 2021, 11, 52. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11010052

AMA Style

Hasukawa H, Inoda Y, Toritsuka S, Sudo S, Oura N, Sano T, Shirato Y, Yanai J. Effect of Paddy-Upland Rotation System on the Net Greenhouse Gas Balance as the Sum of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions and Soil Carbon Storage: A Case in Western Japan. Agriculture. 2021; 11(1):52. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11010052

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hasukawa, Hiroyuki, Yumi Inoda, Satoshi Toritsuka, Shigeto Sudo, Noriko Oura, Tomohito Sano, Yasuhito Shirato, and Junta Yanai. 2021. "Effect of Paddy-Upland Rotation System on the Net Greenhouse Gas Balance as the Sum of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions and Soil Carbon Storage: A Case in Western Japan" Agriculture 11, no. 1: 52. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11010052

APA Style

Hasukawa, H., Inoda, Y., Toritsuka, S., Sudo, S., Oura, N., Sano, T., Shirato, Y., & Yanai, J. (2021). Effect of Paddy-Upland Rotation System on the Net Greenhouse Gas Balance as the Sum of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions and Soil Carbon Storage: A Case in Western Japan. Agriculture, 11(1), 52. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11010052

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