Variability of Phytochemicals by Breeding Year, Usage and Seed Size of Korean Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Varieties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Materials and Cultivation
2.2. Metabolite Analysis
2.3. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Lutein, Tocopherol, and Phytosterol Contents in Soybean Seeds
3.2. Diversity of Soybean Varieties
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Breeding | Lutein (μg g−1) | Tocopherol (μg g−1) | Phytosterol (μg g−1) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
α | Β | γ | δ | β-Sitosterol | Campesterol | Stigmasterol | |||
Before 1980 | Max. | 4.71 | 38.9 | 6.47 | 237.0 | 104.9 | 561.5 | 249.1 | 324.2 |
Min. | 1.19 | 11.1 | 0.12 | 127.0 | 48.9 | 183.7 | 65.3 | 95.8 | |
Mean ± SD | 2.15 ± 0.9 ns | 21.8 ± 7.4 a | 2.02 ± 1.43 ns | 192.1 ± 27.2 a | 76.7 ± 16.6 a | 393.8 ± 108.2 b | 146.0 ± 51.5 b | 178.4 ± 55.8 ns | |
1980s | Max. | 4.09 | 44.3 | 4.86 | 218.6 | 85.8 | 673.4 | 266.6 | 274.2 |
Min. | 0.23 | 5.2 | 0.21 | 30.0 | 22.4 | 275.4 | 86.8 | 112.5 | |
Mean ± SD | 2.26 ± 1.09 | 19.0 ± 9.4 ab | 1.78 ± 1.30 | 156.1 ± 47.5 b | 56.9 ± 19.5 b | 490.1 ± 115.5 a | 192.3 ± 51.2 a | 192.7 ± 49.8 | |
1990s | Max. | 8.31 | 42.4 | 6.44 | 230.3 | 81.0 | 765.9 | 282.2 | 275.0 |
Min. | 0.49 | 6.5 | 0.03 | 78.7 | 27.5 | 225.0 | 66.2 | 97.1 | |
Mean ± SD | 2.17 ± 1.28 | 15.8 ± 7.1 b | 1.37 ± 1.32 | 137.3 ± 39.3 b | 48.4 ± 13.1 c | 405.6 ± 139.8 b | 166.9 ± 53.0 ab | 181.2 ± 48.2 | |
After 1999 (2000–2013) | Max. | 8.09 | 93.3 | 7.48 | 251.1 | 90.3 | 724.9 | 302.7 | 347.2 |
Min. | 0.2 | 4.0 | 0.03 | 54.2 | 23.5 | 206.2 | 88.2 | 100.4 | |
Mean ± SD | 2.82 ± 1.70 | 18.7 ± 11.8 ab | 1.93 ± 1.40 | 140.6 ± 41.4 b | 48.1 ± 16.0 c | 448.7 ± 121.2 ab | 181.7 ± 55.4 a | 202.3 ± 61.0 |
Usage | Lutein (μg g−1) | Tocopherol (μg g−1) | Phytosterol (μg g−1) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
α | Β | γ | δ | β-Sitosterol | Campesterol | Stigmasterol | |||
Sauce | Max. | 8.09 | 42.4 | 6.47 | 237.0 | 104.9 | 724.9 | 302.7 | 324.2 |
Min. | 0.23 | 6.0 | 0.03 | 30.0 | 24.0 | 183.7 | 65.3 | 95.8 | |
Mean ± SD | 2.09 ± 1.12 b | 18.9 ± 7.8 ab | 1.81 ± 1.34 ab | 160.5 ± 46.4 a | 60.3 ± 19.4 a | 424.7 ± 120.1 a | 172.0 ± 53.7 ab | 191.2 ± 53.3 ns | |
Sprouts | Max. | 7.02 | 93.3 | 5.24 | 251.1 | 90.3 | 765.9 | 292.4 | 347.2 |
Min. | 0.77 | 5.2 | 0.03 | 70.3 | 22.4 | 234.2 | 68.1 | 97.1 | |
Mean ± SD | 3.02 ± 1.44 a | 19.3 ± 13.9 ab | 1.73 ± 1.33 ab | 141.2 ± 42.9 ab | 46.8 ± 15.7 b | 486.7 ± 130.0 a | 192.1 ± 54.7 a | 197.4 ± 57.9 | |
Cooking with rice | Max. | 8.31 | 41.7 | 7.48 | 226.5 | 79.6 | 706.3 | 285.5 | 320.7 |
Min. | 1.29 | 4.0 | 0.40 | 98.0 | 25.9 | 225.7 | 66.2 | 114.0 | |
Mean ± SD | 3.59 ± 1.96 a | 13.8 ± 7.7 a | 1.53 ± 1.43 b | 140.3 ± 31.9 ab | 48.0 ± 13.6 b | 430.1 ± 112.6 a | 166.6 ± 57.7 ab | 194.2 ± 64.0 | |
Vegetable | Max. | 2.36 | 32.5 | 6.44 | 162.0 | 81.0 | 538.4 | 264.5 | 298.8 |
Min. | 0.20 | 6.0 | 0.09 | 69.0 | 24.2 | 206.2 | 100.5 | 100.4 | |
Mean ± SD | 1.29 ± 0.55 c | 21.4 ± 8.3 a | 2.41 ± 1.65 a | 120.4 ± 24.6 b | 42.5 ± 14.9 b | 339.2 ± 92.8 b | 145.8 ± 45.3 b | 189.4 ± 64.8 |
100-Seed Weight | Lutein (μg g−1) | Tocopherol (μg g−1) | Phytosterol (μg g−1) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
α | β | γ | δ | β-Sitosterol | Campesterol | Stigmasterol | |||
Small (<12 g) | Max. | 7.02 | 93.3 | 3.87 | 251.1 | 90.3 | 724.9 | 302.7 | 321.3 |
Min. | 1.50 | 5.2 | 0.03 | 82.0 | 23.5 | 318.6 | 131.2 | 97.1 | |
Mean ± SD | 3.63 ± 1.7 a | 22.7 ± 18.7 a | 1.77 ± 1.16 ns | 151.2 ± 49.4 ns | 49.4 ± 17.2 ns | 522.8 ± 109.4 a | 213.7 ± 45.9 a | 216.3 ± 54.4 a | |
Medium (12–24 g) | Max. | 8.09 | 44.3 | 5.24 | 217.6 | 92.7 | 765.9 | 292.4 | 347.2 |
Min. | 0.23 | 6.5 | 0.03 | 30.0 | 22.4 | 183.7 | 65.3 | 95.8 | |
Mean ± SD | 2.71 ± 1.42 b | 17.2 ± 9.1 b | 1.61 ± 1.29 | 146.1 ± 44.4 | 51.9 ± 18.5 | 464.0 ± 137.4 b | 181.0 ± 60.0 b | 180.4 ± 54.0 b | |
Large (>24 g) | Max. | 8.31 | 42.4 | 7.48 | 237.0 | 104.9 | 656.3 | 288.8 | 324.4 |
Min. | 0.20 | 4.0 | 0.05 | 54.2 | 24.2 | 206.2 | 66.2 | 99.2 | |
Mean ± SD | 2.17 ± 1.34 b | 18.4 ± 8.0 ab | 1.92 ± 1.47 | 149.0 ± 42.0 | 54.2 ± 18.6 | 401.0 ± 107.7 c | 162.9 ± 49.4 b | 196.6 ± 57.4 ab |
Cluster | Lutein (μg g−1) | Tocopherol (μg g−1) | Phytosterol (μg g−1) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
α | β | γ | δ | β-Sitosterol | Campesterol | Stigmasterol | ||
I (n = 2) | 2.42 | 33.9 | 3.64 | 202.3 | 71.6 | 690.6 | 295.8 | 298.6 |
II (n= 106) | 2.22 | 15.0 | 1.47 | 121.3 | 42.2 | 436.4 | 174.2 | 190.6 |
III (n= 15) | 2.83 | 38.2 | 4.62 | 183.1 | 68.1 | 391.4 | 170.4 | 178.2 |
IV (n= 36) | 3.22 | 19.5 | 1.75 | 192.0 | 70.5 | 493.2 | 203.2 | 223.3 |
V (n = 13) | 2.80 | 20.1 | 1.19 | 198.6 | 69.5 | 286.1 | 90.4 | 128.2 |
Cluster | Breeding Year | Usage | 100-Seed Weight | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before 1980 | 1980s | 1990s | After 1999 (2000–2013) | Sauces | Sprouts | Cooking with Rice | Vegetables | <12 g | 12–24 g | >24 g | |
I (n= 2) | - | - | - | 2 (1.2) | 2 (1.2) | - | - | - | 1(0.6) | - | 1(0.6) |
II (n= 106) | 1 (0.6) | 9 (5.2) | 32 (18.6) | 64 (37.2) | 40 (23.2) | 33 (19.2) | 20 (11.6) | 13 (7.5) | 10 (5.8) | 35 (20.3) | 61 (35.5) |
III (n= 15) | 3 (1.7) | 3 (1.7) | 2 (1.2) | 7 (4.1) | 7 (4.1) | 6 (3.5) | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.6) | 2 (1.2) | 6 (3.5) | 7 (4.1) |
IV (n = 36) | 10 (5.8) | 6 (3.5) | 2 (1.2) | 18 (10.5) | 21 (12.2) | 11 (6.4) | 3 (1.7) | 1 (0.6) | 7 (4.1) | 11 (6.4) | 18 (10.5) |
V (n = 13) | 8 (4.7) | 2 (1.2) | 3 (1.7) | - | 10 (5.8) | 2 (1.2) | 1 (0.6) | - | - | 7 (4.1) | 6 (3.5) |
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Hwang, T.-Y.; Park, B.-D.; Sung, J.; Kim, H.-S. Variability of Phytochemicals by Breeding Year, Usage and Seed Size of Korean Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Varieties. Agriculture 2020, 10, 100. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10040100
Hwang T-Y, Park B-D, Sung J, Kim H-S. Variability of Phytochemicals by Breeding Year, Usage and Seed Size of Korean Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Varieties. Agriculture. 2020; 10(4):100. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10040100
Chicago/Turabian StyleHwang, Tae-Young, Byoung-Deok Park, Jwakyung Sung, and Hong-Sig Kim. 2020. "Variability of Phytochemicals by Breeding Year, Usage and Seed Size of Korean Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Varieties" Agriculture 10, no. 4: 100. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10040100