Optimal Harvest Time for Preventing Hot Pepper Seed Browning during Cold Storage Is Associated with Seed Maturity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Materials and Storage Conditions
2.2. Fruit Quality Evaluation
2.3. Antioxidant, Total Phenol Analysis
2.4. Gene Expression Analysis
2.5. Anatomical Analysis under Light Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Fruit Quality
3.2. Harvest Time and Seed Browning
3.3. Antioxidant Capacity, Total Phenol Content
3.4. Analysis of the Expression Levels of Antioxidant- and Cell Wall-Related Genes During Storage
3.5. Anatomical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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0 day | 7 days | 15 days | 15 + 4 days | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Firmness (N) | ||||
15 DAF | 9.63 ± 0.34 Fa | 10.46 ± 0.32 Da | 6.51 ± 0.43 CDb | 5.12 ± 0.24 CDc |
20 DAF | 11.05 ± 0.37 Ea | 10.63 ± 0.25 Da | 6.08 ± 0.26 Db | 4.85 ± 0.20 Dc |
25 DAF | 12.94 ± 0.33 Da | 12.62 ± 0.39 Ca | 7.28 ± 0.24 Cb | 5.35 ± 0.26 CDc |
30 DAF | 13.80 ± 0.31 CDa | 11.82 ± 0.33 Cb | 8.67 ± 0.37 Bc | 5.15 ± 0.28 CDd |
35 DAF | 15.76 ± 0.40 Ba | 11.94 ± 0.43 Cb | 9.23 ± 0.28 Bc | 6.55 ± 0.25 Bd |
40 DAF | 18.91 ± 0.49 Aa | 14.42 ± 0.49 Bb | 10.71 ± 0.21 Ac | 7.55 ± 0.34 Ad |
45 DAF | 18.16 ± 0.43 Aa | 15.97 ± 0.44 Ab | 11.20 ± 0.25 Ac | 7.94 ± 0.38 Ad |
50 DAF | 14.75 ± 0.33 BCa | 13.97 ± 0.30 Bb | 8.65 ± 0.25 Bc | 5.73 ± 0.20 Cd |
Soluble solids content (%) | ||||
15 DAF | 5.53 ± 0.12 Dd | 6.40 ± 0.12 DEc | 6.90 ± 0.00 Cb | 7.70 ± 0.00 Da |
20 DAF | 5.30 ± 0.06 Ec | 6.67 ± 0.03 Dab | 6.60 ± 0.00 Cb | 6.83 ± 0.09 Ea |
25 DAF | 5.30 ± 0.00 Ed | 6.07 ± 0.13 EFc | 6.60 ± 0.06 Cb | 7.17 ± 0.15 DEa |
30 DAF | 5.33 ± 0.03 Ed | 5.93 ± 0.03 Fc | 6.60 ± 0.06 Cb | 7.07 ± 0.15 DEa |
35 DAF | 5.37 ± 0.03 DEc | 6.20 ± 0.17 EFb | 6.50 ± 0.06 Cb | 6.97 ± 0.18 Ea |
40 DAF | 5.90 ± 0.00 Cc | 7.20 ± 0.12 Cb | 6.87 ± 0.15 Cb | 8.87 ± 0.50 Ca |
45 DAF | 7.33 ± 0.07 Bc | 8.53 ± 0.15 Bb | 9.60 ± 0.12 Ba | 9.80 ± 0.25 Ba |
50 DAF | 9.83 ± 0.03 Ad | 10.60 ± 0.17 Ac | 11.97 ± 0.32 Ab | 13.50 ± 0.00 Aa |
Titratable acidity (%) | ||||
15 DAF | 0.12 ± 0.00 Ga | 0.07 ± 0.00 Fb | 0.07 ± 0.00 Gb | 0.07 ± 0.00 Db |
20 DAF | 0.13 ± 0.00 Gb | 0.17 ± 0.01 Ea | 0.08 ± 0.00 Fc | 0.07 ± 0.00 Dc |
25 DAF | 0.21 ± 0.00 Fa | 0.21 ± 0.01 Da | 0.10 ± 0.00 DEb | 0.10 ± 0.02 Cb |
30 DAF | 0.25 ± 0.02 Ea | 0.23 ± 0.01 Da | 0.09 ± 0.00 Eb | 0.12 ± 0.02 Cb |
35 DAF | 0.29 ± 0.01 Da | 0.25 ± 0.00 Db | 0.10 ± 0.00 Dc | 0.11 ± 0.01 Cc |
40 DAF | 0.34 ± 0.00 Ca | 0.34 ± 0.01 Ca | 0.11 ± 0.00 Cc | 0.20 ± 0.01 Bb |
45 DAF | 0.45 ± 0.01 Ba | 0.45 ± 0.01 Ba | 0.19 ± 0.00 Bc | 0.23 ± 0.00 ABb |
50 DAF | 0.52 ± 0.03 Aa | 0.54 ± 0.01 Aa | 0.22 ± 0.00 Ab | 0.24 ± 0.00 Ab |
0 day | 7 days | 15 days | 15 + 4 days | |
---|---|---|---|---|
DPPH (Trolox equivalent, μmol/g DW) | ||||
15 DAF | 5.19 ± 0.07 Aa | 4.79 ± 0.10 Db | 4.76 ± 0.02 Cb | 3.64 ± 0.05 Cc |
20 DAF | 5.13 ± 0.08 Ab | 5.42 ± 0.03 Aa | 5.20 ± 0.02 Ab | 3.18 ± 0.04 Dc |
25 DAF | 4.59 ± 0.09 Cb | 5.01 ± 0.02 Ca | 4.94 ± 0.04 Ba | 3.73 ± 0.02 Cc |
30 DAF | 4.60 ± 0.06 Cc | 5.23 ± 0.02 Ba | 4.94 ± 0.02 Bb | 3.90 ± 0.03 Bd |
35 DAF | 4.93 ± 0.04 Bb | 5.08 ± 0.03 Ca | 4.85 ± 0.03 BCb | 4.18 ± 0.07 Ac |
40 DAF | 3.88 ± 0.02 Eb | 4.44 ± 0.07 Ea | 4.44 ± 0.06 Da | 3.98 ± 0.03 Bb |
45 DAF | 4.36 ± 0.04 Da | 4.03 ± 0.03 Fc | 4.20 ± 0.03 Eb | 3.90 ± 0.06 Bc |
50 DAF | 3.89 ± 0.05 Eb | 4.04 ± 0.04 Fa | 3.93 ± 0.04 Fab | 3.99 ± 0.04 Bab |
ABTS (Trolox equivalent, μmol/g DW) | ||||
15 DAF | 15.78 ± 1.09 ABa | 15.65 ± 1.05 Ca | 13.33 ± 0.72 CDa | 14.02 ± 0.91 ABa |
20 DAF | 17.40 ± 1.15 Ab | 21.16 ± 0.61 Aa | 17.50 ± 0.73 Ab | 12.13 ± 0.67 Cc |
25 DAF | 14.69 ± 0.95 Bb | 17.60 ± 0.36 Ba | 17.12 ± 0.50 ABa | 14.71 ± 0.34 Ab |
30 DAF | 16.96 ± 0.58 ABab | 18.39 ± 0.73 Ba | 16.35 ± 0.57 ABb | 14.08 ± 0.49 ABc |
35 DAF | 14.97 ± 0.78 ABa | 15.58 ± 0.72 Ca | 15.18 ± 0.74 BCa | 12.77 ± 0.53 BCb |
40 DAF | 7.33 ± 0.43 Db | 11.11 ± 0.46 Da | 11.62 ± 1.00 Da | 8.50 ± 0.60 Db |
45 DAF | 10.94 ± 0.58 Ca | 9.53 ± 0.47 Dab | 8.06 ± 0.57 Eb | 7.89 ± 0.63 Db |
50 DAF | 8.55 ± 0.62 Dab | 9.29 ± 0.47 Da | 7.29 ± 0.62 Eb | 8.69 ± 0.64 Dab |
Total phenolics (gallic acid equivalent, mg/g DW) | ||||
15 DAF | 4.66 ± 0.01 Aa | 4.57 ± 0.00 Ab | 4.53 ± 0.00 Ac | 3.33 ± 0.00 Ad |
20 DAF | 3.67 ± 0.02 Bb | 4.01 ± 0.01 Ba | 4.04 ± 0.04 Ba | 2.66 ± 0.01 Bc |
25 DAF | 2.65 ± 0.02 Db | 2.56 ± 0.01 Cc | 3.41 ± 0.01 Ca | 2.54 ± 0.01 Cc |
30 DAF | 2.73 ± 0.02 Ca | 2.44 ± 0.00 Db | 2.46 ± 0.01 Db | 2.20 ± 0.00 Dc |
35 DAF | 1.88 ± 0.02 Ec | 2.22 ± 0.01 Eb | 2.29 ± 0.01 Ea | 1.86 ± 0.01 Ec |
40 DAF | 1.11 ± 0.01 Gd | 1.52 ± 0.01 Fb | 1.66 ± 0.01 Fa | 1.31 ± 0.01 Fc |
45 DAF | 1.54 ± 0.01 Fa | 1.20 ± 0.01 Gb | 1.15 ± 0.00 Gc | 1.21 ± 0.01 Gb |
50 DAF | 1.12 ± 0.01 Ga | 1.10 ± 0.02 Hab | 1.12 ± 0.01 Ga | 1.08 ± 0.01 Hb |
0 day | 7 days | 15 days | 15 + 4 days | |
---|---|---|---|---|
DPPH (Trolox equivalent, μmol/g DW) | ||||
15 DAF | 28.74 ± 1.21 Da | 26.05 ± 0.68 Cb | 20.08 ± 1.00 Ec | 29.17 ± 0.52 Da |
20 DAF | 35.96 ± 1.16 BCa | 27.01 ± 0.39 Cb | 29.70 ± 1.79 Cb | 28.03 ± 0.42 Db |
25 DAF | 34.43 ± 0.29 Ca | 28.23 ± 0.87 BCb | 28.23 ± 0.95 Cb | 36.06 ± 0.54 Ba |
30 DAF | 24.89 ± 0.33 Ec | 27.58 ± 0.46 BCb | 24.68 ± 0.35 Dc | 32.58 ± 0.95 Ca |
35 DAF | 23.67 ± 0.56 Ec | 26.97 ± 0.43 Cb | 22.24 ± 0.31 DEc | 31.65 ± 0.77 Ca |
40 DAF | 27.72 ± 0.98 Da | 22.13 ± 0.94 Db | 27.93 ± 0.65 Ca | 29.40 ± 0.34 Da |
45 DAF | 37.09 ± 0.49 Bab | 30.27 ± 1.60 Bc | 38.02 ± 0.42 Ba | 35.30 ± 0.50 Bb |
50 DAF | 42.64 ± 0.81 Ab | 39.99 ± 1.29 Ac | 47.83 ± 0.51 Aa | 40.61 ± 0.68 Abc |
ABTS (Trolox equivalent, μmol/g DW) | ||||
15 DAF | 42.49 ± 1.44 Bb | 30.51 ± 0.49 Gc | 27.62 ± 0.19 Fd | 45.44 ± 0.53 Ca |
20 DAF | 45.40 ± 1.47 Ba | 38.69 ± 0.11 Eb | 45.98 ± 0.54 Ca | 44.29 ± 0.30 Ca |
25 DAF | 35.67 ± 1.53 Cc | 45.04 ± 0.52 Cb | 46.49 ± 0.26 Cb | 57.53 ± 0.12 Aa |
30 DAF | 33.58 ± 0.61 Cd | 46.13 ± 0.24 Bb | 37.20 ± 0.57 Ec | 52.33 ± 0.35 Ba |
35 DAF | 34.02 ± 1.96 Cc | 38.38 ± 0.13 Eb | 36.31 ± 0.33 Ebc | 44.07 ± 0.56 Ca |
40 DAF | 34.98 ± 1.76 Cb | 34.24 ± 0.18 Fb | 41.89 ± 0.50 Da | 40.78 ± 0.52 Da |
45 DAF | 42.87 ± 0.83 Bb | 41.69 ± 0.39 Db | 51.22 ± 0.32 Ba | 50.87 ± 0.89 Ba |
50 DAF | 50.53 ± 0.81 Ab | 50.58 ± 0.34 Ab | 55.76 ± 0.11 Aa | 51.80 ± 0.65 Bb |
Total phenol (gallic acid equivalent, mg/g DW) | ||||
15 DAF | 3.71 ± 0.13 Cab | 3.46 ± 0.01 Eb | 3.70 ± 0.12 Dab | 3.82 ± 0.03 Da |
20 DAF | 3.91 ± 0.05 Ba | 3.53 ± 0.01 Dec | 3.76 ± 0.01 Db | 3.42 ± 0.02 Fd |
25 DAF | 3.71 ± 0.01 Cc | 3.79 ± 0.02 Cb | 3.82 ± 0.01 Db | 4.42 ± 0.02 Aa |
30 DAF | 3.23 ± 0.02 Dd | 4.00 ± 0.05 Ab | 3.46 ± 0.00 Ec | 4.24 ± 0.01 Ba |
35 DAF | 3.31 ± 0.01 Dc | 3.59 ± 0.02 Db | 3.13 ± 0.02 Fd | 3.88 ± 0.02 Ca |
40 DAF | 3.37 ± 0.01 Dc | 3.39 ± 0.02 Fc | 4.18 ± 0.02 Ca | 3.65 ± 0.01 Eb |
45 DAF | 3.67 ± 0.06 Cd | 3.93 ± 0.01 Bc | 4.39 ± 0.01 Ba | 4.27 ± 0.02 Bb |
50 DAF | 4.19 ± 0.01 Ac | 4.06 ± 0.02 Ad | 4.75 ± 0.02 Aa | 4.41 ± 0.00 Ab |
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Park, M.-H.; Lee, J.-S.; Yang, E.-Y.; Do, G.-R.; Hong, Y.-P. Optimal Harvest Time for Preventing Hot Pepper Seed Browning during Cold Storage Is Associated with Seed Maturity. Agriculture 2020, 10, 585. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10120585
Park M-H, Lee J-S, Yang E-Y, Do G-R, Hong Y-P. Optimal Harvest Time for Preventing Hot Pepper Seed Browning during Cold Storage Is Associated with Seed Maturity. Agriculture. 2020; 10(12):585. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10120585
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Me-Hea, Jung-Soo Lee, Eun-Young Yang, Gyung-Ran Do, and Yoon-Pyo Hong. 2020. "Optimal Harvest Time for Preventing Hot Pepper Seed Browning during Cold Storage Is Associated with Seed Maturity" Agriculture 10, no. 12: 585. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10120585