The Influence of Three Years of Supplemental Nitrogen on Above- and Belowground Biomass Partitioning in a Decade-Old Miscanthus × giganteus in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship (Poland)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site and Fertilization Treatments of Miscanthus × Giganteus
2.2. Plant Growth Measurement
- FM—fresh mass.
- DM—dry mass.
2.3. Soil and Weather Conditions
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on Morphological Features of Miscanthus × Giganteus
3.2. Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on Water Concentration of Miscanthus × Giganteus
3.3. Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on Dry Matter Yield of Miscanthus × Giganteus
3.4. Nitrogen Uptake by Miscanthus × Giganteus
4. Discussion
- Most research on Miscanthus productivity has been conducted in Europe (different soils, different spatial diversity, and topographic diversity);
- The studies carried out are generally short-term;
- The potential share of nitrogen reserves in rhizomes and soil nitrogen increases the uncertainty of the Miscanthus nitrogen requirements [29].
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | pH 1 N KCl | C g kg−1 | Humus g kg−1 | N g kg−1 | C:N | P mg kg−1 | K mg kg−1 | Mg mg kg−1 | S mg kg−1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014 | 5.0 | 5.82 | 10.00 | 0.58 | 10.53 | 119.6 | 114.0 | 24.3 | 188.0 |
2015 | 5.0 | 5.86 | 10.05 | 0.60 | 10.60 | 119.6 | 115.3 | 27.3 | 192.6 |
2016 | 4.8 | 5.86 | 10.05 | 0.59 | 10.63 | 119.7 | 112.6 | 26.0 | 190.0 |
Year | Fe mg kg−1 | Mn mg kg−1 | Zn mg kg−1 | Cu mg kg−1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
2014 | 428 | 93.4 | 82.3 | 1.82 |
2015 | 461 | 97.1 | 79.4 | 1.69 |
2016 | 463 | 95.2 | 78.5 | 1.78 |
Month | Temperature [°C] | Precipitation [mm] | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014 | 2015 | 2016 | Average 1981–2010 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | Average 1981–2010 | |
I | 0.0 | 2.3 | −1.2 | −0.8 | 35.8 | 46.0 | 33.4 | 31.9 |
II | 3.7 | 1.5 | 3.8 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 15.6 | 56.2 | 26.7 |
III | 7.0 | 5.4 | 4.3 | 3.8 | 40.1 | 39.5 | 55.9 | 31.7 |
IV | 10.6 | 8.9 | 8.7 | 8.9 | 55.2 | 15.8 | 46.4 | 30.5 |
V | 13.3 | 13.5 | 15.3 | 14.4 | 101.4 | 21.0 | 5.3 | 51.3 |
VI | 16.6 | 16.6 | 18.6 | 17.1 | 40.2 | 73.3 | 44.6 | 59.5 |
VII | 21.2 | 20.3 | 19.5 | 19.3 | 52.9 | 55.6 | 114.3 | 78.9 |
VIII | 17.3 | 22.7 | 17.9 | 18.3 | 75.0 | 5.6 | 27.1 | 61.7 |
IX | 15.5 | 15.1 | 16.4 | 13.6 | 72.2 | 23.2 | 44.7 | 45.3 |
X | 10.7 | 8.4 | 8.5 | 9.1 | 59.4 | 20.0 | 83.8 | 32.3 |
XI | 6.6 | 6.2 | 3.4 | 3.9 | 15.5 | 52.4 | 36.3 | 36.6 |
XII | 2.3 | 5.4 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 17.5 | 24.0 | 36.1 | 37.4 |
Average annual air temperature and total precipitation | 10.4 | 10.5 | 9.7 | 9.0 | 566.4 | 392.0 | 584.1 | 523.8 |
Dose kg ha−1 N | Number of Days Starting from Beginning of Vegetation Period | Number of Shoots per 1 m2 | Height of Plants (m) | Diameter of Shoots (mm) | Number of Leaves on Shoot |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | June | 52 | 0.18 | 8.5 | 3.1 |
July | 59 | 1.23 | 10.3 | 5.9 | |
August | 64 | 2.14 | 9.7 | 8.7 | |
September | 64 | 2.33 | 10.5 | 10.7 | |
October | 66 | 2.98 | 9.6 | 11.3 | |
November | 74 | 3.07 | 10.0 | 11.7 | |
December | 72 | 3.34 | 10.8 | 8.9 | |
60 | June | 53 | 0.21 | 9.1 | 3.8 |
July | 64 | 1.04 | 9.9 | 5.9 | |
August | 66 | 2.24 | 10.1 | 8.8 | |
September | 76 | 2.71 | 10.8 | 11.3 | |
October | 78 | 3.09 | 10.2 | 12.1 | |
November | 72 | 3.13 | 10.5 | 12.4 | |
December | 78 | 3.31 | 10.8 | 11.2 | |
p value | 0.2884 | 0.0001 | 0.4553 | 0.0322 | |
Averages for Factors and Years | |||||
0 | - | 64 | 2.18 | 9.9 | 8.6 |
60 | - | 70 | 2.25 | 10.2 | 9.3 |
p value | 0.0018 | 0.7020 | 0.1004 | 0.1484 | |
2014 | - | 67 | 2.28 | 10.0 | 8.5 |
2015 | 66 | 2.20 | 10.0 | 8.6 | |
2016 | 68 | 2.16 | 10.2 | 9.9 | |
p value | 0.4112 | 0.8354 | 0.4200 | 0.4040 |
Dose kg ha−1 N | Number of Days Starting from Beginning of Vegetation Period | Rhizomes | Stems | Leaves | Aboveground Part of Plant |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | June | 722 | - | - | 882 |
July | 689 | 870 | 879 | 875 | |
August | 709 | 772 | 777 | 775 | |
September | 684 | 697 | 715 | 702 | |
October | 663 | 691 | 702 | 694 | |
November | 663 | 662 | 698 | 672 | |
December | 670 | 622 | 679 | 635 | |
60 | June | 744 | - | - | 883 |
July | 707 | 867 | 853 | 862 | |
August | 712 | 827 | 810 | 820 | |
September | 713 | 764 | 781 | 769 | |
October | 673 | 720 | 740 | 726 | |
November | 683 | 676 | 707 | 685 | |
December | 704 | 661 | 701 | 672 | |
p value | 0.4958 | 0.0015 | 0.0260 | 0.00120 | |
Average for Factors and Years | |||||
0 | 686 | 719 | 742 | 748 | |
60 | 705 | 752 | 765 | 774 | |
p value | 0.0004 | 0.0218 | 0.0669 | 0.0693 | |
2014 | 673 | 714 | 722 | 738 | |
2015 | 693 | 722 | 735 | 750 | |
2016 | 721 | 771 | 803 | 795 | |
p value | 0.0000 | 0.0022 | 0.0000 | 0.0025 |
Dose kg ha−1 N | Number of Days Starting from Beginning of Vegetation Period | Rhizomes | Aboveground Part | Rhizomes and Aboveground Part | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stems | Leaves | All Together | ||||
0 | June | 0.52 | - | - | 0.34 | 0.86 |
July | 0.65 | 0.28 | 0.32 | 0.60 | 1.25 | |
August | 0.77 | 0.94 | 0.45 | 1.39 | 2.16 | |
September | 1.15 | 1.67 | 0.63 | 2.30 | 3.45 | |
October | 1.34 | 2.22 | 0.78 | 3.00 | 4.34 | |
November | 1.67 | 2.81 | 0.89 | 3.70 | 5.37 | |
December | 1.73 | 3.08 | 0.84 | 3.92 | 5.65 | |
60 | June | 0.73 | - | - | 0.44 | 1.17 |
July | 0.77 | 0.35 | 0.45 | 0.80 | 1.57 | |
August | 0.97 | 1.06 | 0.68 | 1.74 | 2.71 | |
September | 1.22 | 1.90 | 0.92 | 2.82 | 4.04 | |
October | 1.64 | 2.55 | 0.94 | 3.49 | 5.13 | |
November | 1.64 | 2.72 | 1.06 | 3.78 | 5.42 | |
December | 1.83 | 3.25 | 1.07 | 4.32 | 6.15 | |
p value | 0.0125 | 0.1223 | 0.1393 | 0.0153 | 0.0056 | |
Average for Factors and Years | ||||||
0 | 1.12 | 1.83 | 0.65 | 2.18 | 3.29 | |
60 | 1.26 | 1.97 | 0.85 | 2.48 | 3.74 | |
p value | 0.0524 | 0.4310 | 0.0000 | 0.1586 | 0.1181 | |
2014 | 1.20 | 2.00 | 0.75 | 2.41 | 3.61 | |
2015 | 1.15 | 1.91 | 0.71 | 2.30 | 3.45 | |
2016 | 1.21 | 1.79 | 0.79 | 2.27 | 3.48 | |
p value | 0.7318 | 0.6005 | 0.3165 | 0.8522 | 0.8881 |
Dose kg ha−1 N | Number of Days from the Start of the Growing Season | Rhizomes | Aboveground Part of Plants | Rhizomes and Aboveground Part of Plants | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stems | Leaves | Together | ||||
0 | June | 5.35 | - | - | 4.75 | 10.10 |
July | 3.25 | 3.16 | 4.34 | 7.50 | 10.75 | |
August | 3.65 | 8.24 | 4.79 | 13.03 | 16.68 | |
September | 5.29 | 10.24 | 5.99 | 16.24 | 21.53 | |
October | 6.62 | 8.50 | 6.04 | 14.54 | 21.16 | |
November | 10.19 | 8.61 | 6.66 | 15.27 | 25.46 | |
December | 10.68 | 7.97 | 3.97 | 11.95 | 22.63 | |
60 | June | 9.24 | - | - | 7.60 | 16.84 |
July | 5.79 | 5.08 | 6.98 | 12.05 | 17.84 | |
August | 5.40 | 8.63 | 9.52 | 18.15 | 23.55 | |
September | 6.91 | 14.36 | 11.01 | 25.37 | 32.28 | |
October | 7.72 | 15.71 | 8.78 | 24.51 | 32.23 | |
November | 14.07 | 12.82 | 7.19 | 20.01 | 34.08 | |
December | 14.94 | 12.40 | 5.74 | 18.15 | 33.09 | |
p value | 0.0118 | 0.0000 | 0.000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | |
Means for Factors and Years | ||||||
0 | 6.43 | 7.79 | 5.30 | 11.90 | 18.33 | |
60 | 9.15 | 11.50 | 8.20 | 17.98 | 27.13 | |
p value | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | |
2014 | 8.18 | 10.07 | 6.53 | 15.06 | 23.24 | |
2015 | 7.48 | 10.10 | 7.05 | 15.55 | 23.03 | |
2016 | 7.71 | 8.77 | 6.67 | 14.19 | 21.89 | |
p value | 0.6315 | 0.1925 | 0.5895 | 0.5205 | 0.6493 |
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Gołąb-Bogacz, I.; Helios, W.; Kotecki, A.; Kozak, M.; Jama-Rodzeńska, A. The Influence of Three Years of Supplemental Nitrogen on Above- and Belowground Biomass Partitioning in a Decade-Old Miscanthus × giganteus in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship (Poland). Agriculture 2020, 10, 473. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10100473
Gołąb-Bogacz I, Helios W, Kotecki A, Kozak M, Jama-Rodzeńska A. The Influence of Three Years of Supplemental Nitrogen on Above- and Belowground Biomass Partitioning in a Decade-Old Miscanthus × giganteus in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship (Poland). Agriculture. 2020; 10(10):473. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10100473
Chicago/Turabian StyleGołąb-Bogacz, Izabela, Waldemar Helios, Andrzej Kotecki, Marcin Kozak, and Anna Jama-Rodzeńska. 2020. "The Influence of Three Years of Supplemental Nitrogen on Above- and Belowground Biomass Partitioning in a Decade-Old Miscanthus × giganteus in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship (Poland)" Agriculture 10, no. 10: 473. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10100473