Autism and COVID-19: A Case Series in a Neurodevelopmental Unit
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Setting
2.2. Participants and Ethics
2.3. Collected Variables
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ASD Symptoms Prior COVID | COVID-19 Acute Symptoms (JX; Y Days) ** | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Age | Social Interaction | Stereotypic, Restricted Behaviors | Challenging Behaviors | Language | Autism * Severity | General Cognition | Psychiatric Comorbidity | Medical Comorbidity | Fever | Oral-Facial | Respiratory | Fatigue | Gastro-Intestinal | Brain | Atypical Behaviors | |
Case 1 | F | 23 | Limited social-emotional reciprocity and nonverbal communicative behaviors | Touching people, page flipping | No | Few spoken words | Level 2 | Moderate ID | No | Class I obesity (BMI = 30) | No | Possible dysgeusia (J1; 5); epistaxis (J4; <15 min) | No | No | No | No | Irrepressible licking behavior (J1; 5), puts her index finger to her mouth (J1; 5) |
Case 2 | F | 26 | Limited social-emotional reciprocity, no nonverbal communicative behaviors | Strolling | SIB | Nonverbal | Level 3 | Profound ID | Bipolar disorder | Recurrent urinary tract infections, chronic constipation | No | Rhinitis (J1; 7) | No | No | No | No | Crying, irritability, head blows in the walls (J3; 4) |
Case 3 | F | 43 | Limited social-emotional reciprocity and nonverbal communicative behaviors | Body swings, hand clapping | Mild SIB, mild hetero-aggressivity | Short sentences echolalia | Level 3 | Moderate ID | Bipolar disorder | Prematurity, repetitive infections (urine, skin, breast), constipation, tooth decay | Yes (J1; 1) | Rhinitis (J2; a few days) | Dry cough (J5; 3) | Yes (J6; 10) | Diarrhea (J3; a few days) | No | Increased hetero-aggressivity and sleep disorders the week before (associated with an urinary tract infection 5 days before fever) |
Case 4 | M | 24 | Limited social-emotional reciprocity and nonverbal communicative behaviors | Invasive food search, echopraxia | Mild SIB, hetero-aggressivity | Few spoken words, echolalia | Level 3 | Severe ID | No | Epilepsy, neuropathic pain, gastroparesis surgery | Yes (J3; 1) | Rhinitis (J1; 12) | Productive cough, polypnea (J4; 5) | Yes (J3; 10) | Diarrhea (J3; 1) | No | No |
Case 5 | M | 16 | Limited social-emotional reciprocity, limited facial expressions, some interest in maintaining verbal relationships | Pseudo OCD, echolalia, smells food before eating | Moderate hetero-aggressivity | Functional language | Level 2 | Mild ID | Bipolar disorder | Meningitis, horizontal nystagmus | No | Anosmia, dysgeusia (J1; <10) | No | No | No | No | Threw away his meal trays (J1; 3) |
Case 6 | M | 16 | Limited social-emotional reciprocity and nonverbal communicative behaviors, significant autism withdrawal | Puts objects in his ears and nose | Hetero-aggressivity | Nonverbal few Makaton signs | Level 3 | Severe ID | Major depressive disorder | Epilepsy, Behcet’s syndrome, chronic constipation | Yes (J1; 1) | Rhinitis (J1; 6) | No | Yes (J1; 4) | Diarrhea (J2; 3 then J9; 2) | No | No |
Case 7 | M | 20 | Limited social-emotional reciprocity and nonverbal communicative behaviors | Upper body motor stereotypies, pseudo OCD | SIB | Nonverbal few Makaton signs | Level 3 | Severe ID | Major depressive disorder with catatonic features | Pharmacoresistant epilepsy, gastritis, severe chronic constipation | No | No | Dry cough (J1; 5) | Yes (J3; 10) | Diarrhea (J3; 3 then J8; 6) | No | Stool spread during episodes of diarrhea; increase in SIB (J6; 10) |
Case 8 | M | 15 | Limited social-emotional reciprocity, no nonverbal communicative behaviors | Strolling, pica, spitting and spreading saliva | No | Nonverbal | Level 3 | Severe ID | No | Epilepsy, gastric mastocytosis, delayed puberty | No | Rhinitis (J1; 3) | No | Yes (J1; 3) | Diarrhea (J4; 4 then J10; 5) | No | No |
Case 9 | M | 28 | Limited social-emotional reciprocity and nonverbal communicative behaviors | No | No | Nonverbal | Level 3 | Severe ID | No | Epilepsy, class III obesity (BMI = 55), HBP | Yes (J1; <36 h) | No | Dry cough (J1; 2), polypnea (J1; >9 days) needing oxygen | No | No | Epilepsy (J7, 1 episode) | No |
Case 10 | M | 16 | Limited social-emotional reciprocity and nonverbal communicative behaviors | Motor stereotypies, OCD | Moderate hetero-aggressivity | Few sentences echolalia | Level 3 | Severe ID | No | Seronegative autoimmune encephalitis (responsive to immuno-suppressive drug) | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Case 11 | M | 16 | Limited social-emotional reciprocity and nonverbal communicative behaviors | Flapping, pseudo OCD | Mild SIB, hetero-aggressivity | Nonverbal few Makaton signs | Level 3 | Severe ID | Major depressive disorder | Epilepsy, gastric ulcer, chronic hives, constipation | No | No | Dry cough (J1; 3) | No | No | No | No |
Case 12 | F | 13 | Limited social-emotional reciprocity and nonverbal communicative behaviors | Body swings, tiptoeing | No | Few spoken words | Level 3 | Severe ID | No | Severe constipation | No | Rhinitis (J1; 2) | No | Yes (J1; 2) | Diarrhea (J3; 7) | No | No |
Case 13 | M | 12 | Limited social-emotional reciprocity, some effective nonverbal communicative behaviors | Strolling | Severe SIB | Nonverbal sign language | Level 2 | Moderate ID | No | CHARGE syndrome, unilateral cecity, deafness, anosmia | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Case 14 | M | 16 | Limited social-emotional reciprocity and nonverbal communicative behaviors | Attention search | Sexual behaviors | Functional language | Level 3 | Severe ID | Bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder | Migraine, hiatal hernia, esophagitis, gastritis, class I obesity (BMI = 31), inflammatory bowel disease | No | Rhinitis (J1; 4) | No | Yes (J1; 4) | No | No | No |
Case 15 | M | 14 | Limited social-emotional reciprocity, limited facial expressions, difficulties adjusting behavior to suit various social contexts, some interest in peers | Attention search | No | Functional language | Level 1 | Moderate ID | No | Chronic myeloid leukemia (immuno-suppressive drug) | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Case 16 | M | 34 | Limited social-emotional reciprocity and nonverbal communicative behaviors | Wandering, vocalizations | Punctual hetero-aggressivity | Few spoken words | Level 3 | Severe ID | Anxiety disorder | PRODH gene deletion, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, restless legs syndrome, gastritis, constipation | No | No | No | No | Diarrhea (J1; 5) | No | No |
Close Exposition to a PCR+ COVID-19 Patient * | SARS-CoV2 PCR Screening | SARS-CoV2 IgG Screening | Chest CT Scan | Other Imaging | Blood Test | COVID-19 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case 1 | Yes | Positive | Not performed | No | No | At Day 2: Neutropenia (1.78 × 10⁹/L), Aspartate AminoTransferase elevation (×2 N) | Yes |
Case 2 | Yes | Positive | Not performed | No | No | At Day 4: Anemia (11.2 g/dL), Elevated C-Reactive Protein (8.78 mg/L) | Yes |
Case 3 | Yes | Positive | Not performed | No | No | At Day 1: Elevated C-Reactive Protein (51 mg/L) | Yes |
Case 4 | Yes | Positive | Not performed | Yes | No | At Day 6: Anemia (12.9 g/dL), Neutropenia (1.58 × 10⁹/L), Elevated C-Reactive Protein (9.59 mg/L) | Yes |
Case 5 | No (psychiatric secure room) | Positive | Not performed | No | No | Not performed as paucisymptomatic | Yes |
Case 6 | Yes | Positive | Not performed | No | No | At Day 7: Elevated C-Reactive Protein (6.07 mg/L), Lactate Dehydrogenase elevation (×1.5 N) | Yes |
Case 7 | Yes | Positive | Not performed | Yes | No | At Day 7: Anemia (12.7 g/dL), Neutropenia (1.75 × 10⁹/L), Elevated C-Reactive Protein (6.04 mg/L) | Yes |
Case 8 | Yes | Positive | Not performed | No | No | At Day 7: Neutropenia (1.70 × 10⁹/L), Lactate Dehydrogenase elevation (×1.1 N) | Yes |
Case 9 | Yes | Negative | Positive | Yes | No | At Day 6: Elevated C-Reactive Protein (22.4 mg/L), Aspartate AminoTransferase elevation (×1.5 N) | Yes |
Case 10 | Yes | Negative | Negative | No | No | Under immunosuppressive regimen: Anemia (11.7 g/dL), Leukopenia (3.51 × 10⁹/L), Lymphopenia (0.76 × 10⁹/L) | No |
Case 11 | Yes | Negative | Negative | No | No | At Day 9: Lymphocytosis (4.46 × 10⁹/L) | No |
Case 12 | Yes | Negative | Negative | No | No | Not performed as paucisymptomatic | No |
Case 13 | Yes | Negative | Negative | No | No | Not performed as asymptomatic | No |
Case 14 | Yes | Negative | Positive | No | No | Not performed as paucisymptomatic | Yes |
Case 15 | Yes | Negative | Negative | No | No | Under immunosuppressive regimen: Anemia (12.0 g/dL), Lactate Dehydrogenase elevation (×1.1 N) | No |
Case 16 | No (psychiatric secure room) | Positive | Not performed | No | No | Not performed | Yes |
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Share and Cite
Nollace, L.; Cravero, C.; Abbou, A.; Mazda-Walter, B.; Bleibtreu, A.; Pereirra, N.; Sainte-Marie, M.; Cohen, D.; Giannitelli, M. Autism and COVID-19: A Case Series in a Neurodevelopmental Unit. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 2937. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092937
Nollace L, Cravero C, Abbou A, Mazda-Walter B, Bleibtreu A, Pereirra N, Sainte-Marie M, Cohen D, Giannitelli M. Autism and COVID-19: A Case Series in a Neurodevelopmental Unit. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(9):2937. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092937
Chicago/Turabian StyleNollace, Leslie, Cora Cravero, Alice Abbou, Brice Mazda-Walter, Alexandre Bleibtreu, Nathalie Pereirra, Myriam Sainte-Marie, David Cohen, and Marianna Giannitelli. 2020. "Autism and COVID-19: A Case Series in a Neurodevelopmental Unit" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 9: 2937. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092937