A Newly Developed Diabetes Risk Index, Based on Lipoprotein Subfractions and Branched Chain Amino Acids, is Associated with Incident Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the PREVEND Cohort
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Laboratory Measurements
2.3. DRI Development
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Quartiles of DRI | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | All Participants | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | p-Value |
Participants, n | 6134 | 1455 | 1596 | 1489 | 1594 | |
DRI score | 33 (19–48) | 11 (5–15) | 25 (22–29) | 39 (36–43) | 58 (52–64) | <0.001 |
Sex, men, % | 49.3 | 16.4 | 42.7 | 56.7 | 79.2 | <0.001 |
Age, years | 53.2 ± 12.0 | 50.6 ± 11.7 | 53.0 ± 12.5 | 54.5 ± 11.9 | 54.5 ± 11.3 | <0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 26.5 ± 4.2 | 24.2 ± 3.4 | 25.7 ± 3.8 | 27.2 ± 4.2 | 28.7 ± 4.0 | <0.001 |
SBP, mm Hg | 125.8 ± 18.6 | 118.4 ±17.8 | 123.1 ±18.1 | 127.5 ± 17.9 | 132.7 ± 17.5 | <0.001 |
DBP, mm Hg | 73.2 ± 9.0 | 69.5 ± 8.9 | 71.9 ± 8.7 | 74.3 ± 8.5 | 76.9 ± 8.4 | <0.001 |
Parental history of T2DM, yes, % | 14.4 | 11.9 | 13.7 | 15.1 | 16.7 | <0.001 |
Smoking status | <0.001 | |||||
Never, % | 28.5 | 34.4 | 30.3 | 25.9 | 23.9 | |
Former, % | 42.1 | 37.2 | 41.4 | 44.3 | 45.3 | |
Current, % | 28.1 | 26.9 | 27.3 | 28.3 | 29.9 | |
Alcohol consumption | <0.001 | |||||
<1 drinks/week, % | 24.1 | 23.7 | 24.0 | 23.8 | 21.8 | |
1–7 drinks/week, % | 48.6 | 50.0 | 51.9 | 46.5 | 46.1 | |
>7 drinks/week, % | 26.3 | 21.7 | 23.4 | 28.0 | 31.4 | |
Antihypertensive drugs, % | 18.2 | 10.3 | 15.9 | 20.1 | 25.8 | <0.001 |
Lipid-lowering drugs, % | 7.2 | 3.4 | 5.8 | 8.1 | 11.0 | <0.001 |
TC, mmol/L | 5.4 ± 1.0 | 5.2 ± 1.0 | 5.3 ± 1.0 | 5.5 ± 1.0 | 5.7 ± 1.0 | <0.001 |
HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.9 ± 0.7 | 2.7 ± 0.7 | 2.9 ± 0.7 | 3.0 ± 0.7 | 3.0 ± 0.8 | <0.001 |
TG, mmol/L | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | 0.8 (0.6–0.9) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | 1.9 (1.4–2.4) | <0.001 |
Glucose, mmol/L | 4.8 ± 0.6 | 4.6 ± 0.5 | 4.8 ± 0.6 | 4.9 ± 0.6 | 5.0 ± 0.7 | <0.001 |
Total BCAA, μM | 377.0 ± 72.6 | 301.7 ± 35.1 | 354.9 ± 38.8 | 393.8 ± 44.4 | 455.0 ± 61.5 | <0.001 |
Valine, μM | 207.1 ± 37.2 | 171.0 ± 21.4 | 197.4 ± 24.1 | 216.0 ± 26.6 | 241.4 ± 33.7 | <0.001 |
Leucine, μM | 127.2 ± 27.7 | 99.1 ±13.9 | 118.8 ± 15.1 | 131.7 ± 17.2 | 156.5 ± 24.6 | <0.001 |
LP-IR score | 40 (21–61) | 15 (8–23) | 29 (20–39) | 47 (38–57) | 73 (62–85) | <0.001 |
Large VLDL-P, nmol/L | 3.3 (1.6–6.6) | 1.4 (0.75–2.2) | 2.3 (1.4–3.7) | 4.1 (2.7–6.4) | 9.2 (6.1–13.8) | <0.001 |
VLDL size, nm | 49.8 ± 9.1 | 45.7 ± 8.3 | 46.9 ± 7.5 | 49.6 ± 7.6 | 56.5 ± 8.7 | <0.001 |
Small LDL-P, nmol/L | 336 (189–534) | 166 (1–274) | 274 (166–289) | 378 (251–522) | 624 (434–848) | <0.001 |
LDL size, nm | 20.9 ± 1.6 | 21.2 ± 1.8 | 21.1 ± 1.9 | 21.0 ± 1.1 | 20.5 ± 1.1 | <0.001 |
Large HDL-P, μmol/L | 5.1 ± 2.8 | 7.6 ± 4.7 | 5.8 ± 2.4 | 4.3 ± 2.3 | 2.8 ± 1.6 | <0.001 |
HDL size, nm | 9.1 ± 0.6 | 9.7 ± 0.5 | 9.3 ± 0.5 | 9.0 ± 0.5 | 8.7± 0.4 | <0.001 |
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | DRI Per 1 SD Increment | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DRI < 19 | DRI 19–33 | DRI 33–48 | DRI > 48 | ||||||
Participants, n | 1455 | 1596 | 1489 | 1594 | 6134 | ||||
Events, n | 15 | 39 | 71 | 181 | 306 | ||||
HR (95 % CI) | p-Value | HR (95% CI) | p-Value | HR (95% CI) | p-Value | HR (95% CI) | p-Value | ||
Crude Model | (ref) | 2.48 (1.37; 4.50) | 0.002 | 4.89 (2.80; 8.53) | <0.001 | 12.05 (7.12; 20.41) | <0.001 | 2.34 (2.09; 2.62) | <0.001 |
Model 1 | (ref) | 2.42 (1.33; 4.40) | 0.003 | 4.69 (2.66; 8.26) | <0.001 | 12.07 (6.97; 20.89) | <0.001 | 2.46 (2.17; 2.80) | <0.001 |
Model 2 | (ref) | 1.84 (1.01; 3.36) | 0.04 | 2.83 (1.59; 5.04) | <0.001 | 6.01 (3.42; 10.58) | <0.001 | 2.02 (1.76; 2.31) | <0.001 |
Model 3 | (ref) | 1.71 (0.93; 3.14) | 0.08 | 2.22 (1.23; 4.03) | 0.008 | 3.20 (1.73; 5.95) | <0.001 | 1.50 (1.25; 1.79) | 0.001 |
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
♀ DRI < 13 | ♀ DRI 13–23 | ♀ DRI 23–36 | ♀ DRI > 36 | ||||
♂ DRI < 30 | ♂ DRI 30–43 | ♂ DRI 43–56 | ♂ DRI > 56 | ||||
Participants, n | 1628 | 1494 | 1534 | 1478 | |||
Males, % | 48.6 | 50.7 | 49.4 | 48.8 | |||
Events, n | 28 | 42 | 70 | 166 | |||
HR (95% CI) | p-Value | HR (95% CI) | p-Value | HR (95% CI) | p-Value | ||
Crude Model | (ref) | 1.63 (1.00; 2.65) | 0.05 | 2.87 (1.84; 4.47) | <0.001 | 7.27 (4.84; 10.92) | <0.001 |
Model 1 | (ref) | 1.55 (0.95; 2.52) | 0.08 | 2.62 (1.68; 4.09) | <0.001 | 6.74 (4.49; 10.13) | <0.001 |
Model 2 | (ref) | 1.34 (0.81; 2.20) | 0.25 | 1.75 (1.10; 2.78) | 0.018 | 3.75 (2.44; 5.76) | <0.001 |
Model 3 | (ref) | 1.30 (0.77; 2.20) | 0.32 | 1.35 (0.81; 2.24) | 0.25 | 1.80 (1.07; 3.02) | 0.02 |
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Flores-Guerrero, J.L.; Gruppen, E.G.; Connelly, M.A.; Shalaurova, I.; Otvos, J.D.; Garcia, E.; Bakker, S.J.L.; Dullaart, R.P.F. A Newly Developed Diabetes Risk Index, Based on Lipoprotein Subfractions and Branched Chain Amino Acids, is Associated with Incident Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the PREVEND Cohort. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 2781. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092781
Flores-Guerrero JL, Gruppen EG, Connelly MA, Shalaurova I, Otvos JD, Garcia E, Bakker SJL, Dullaart RPF. A Newly Developed Diabetes Risk Index, Based on Lipoprotein Subfractions and Branched Chain Amino Acids, is Associated with Incident Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the PREVEND Cohort. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(9):2781. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092781
Chicago/Turabian StyleFlores-Guerrero, Jose L., Eke. G. Gruppen, Margery A. Connelly, Irina Shalaurova, James D. Otvos, Erwin Garcia, Stephan J. L. Bakker, and Robin P. F. Dullaart. 2020. "A Newly Developed Diabetes Risk Index, Based on Lipoprotein Subfractions and Branched Chain Amino Acids, is Associated with Incident Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the PREVEND Cohort" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 9: 2781. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092781