Impulsivity, Emotional Dysregulation and Executive Function Deficits Could Be Associated with Alcohol and Drug Abuse in Eating Disorders
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure and Assessment
2.2.1. Psychopathological/Personality Measures
2.2.2. Neuropsychological Measures
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Sample
3.2. Prevalence of A/DA in ED Patients
3.3. Comparison of the Clinical and Neuropsychological Profile of Patients with and without A/DA
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Without A/DA | With A/DA | p | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 118 | n = 27 | |||||
n | % | n | % | |||
Sex | Women | 88 | 74.6% | 20 | 74.1% | 0.957 |
Men | 30 | 25.4% | 7 | 25.9% | ||
ED subtype | Anorexia restrictive | 49 | 41.5% | 8 | 29.6% | 0.751 |
Anorexia binge/purge | 20 | 16.9% | 6 | 22.2% | ||
Bulimia | 21 | 17.8% | 7 | 25.9% | ||
Binge eating disorder | 18 | 15.3% | 4 | 14.8% | ||
Other specified feeding eating dis. | 10 | 8.5% | 2 | 7.4% | ||
Education | Primary | 30 | 25.4% | 10 | 37.0% | 0.438 |
Secondary | 52 | 44.1% | 11 | 40.7% | ||
University | 36 | 30.5% | 6 | 22.2% | ||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | p | ||
Age (years-old) | 30.30 | 10.13 | 30.56 | 11.22 | 0.907 | |
Onset of the ED (years-old) | 22.94 | 8.99 | 21.59 | 9.83 | 0.491 | |
Duration of the ED (years) | 7.36 | 7.58 | 8.96 | 6.72 | 0.312 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 21.70 | 8.47 | 22.50 | 8.87 | 0.663 | |
Other impulsive behaviours | n | % | n | % | p | |
Binges episodes | 46 | 39.3% | 16 | 59.3% | 0.049 * | |
Theft | 18 | 15.3% | 9 | 33.3% | 0.029 * | |
Kleptomania | 2 | 1.7% | 3 | 11.1% | 0.045 * | |
Compulsive buying | 10 | 8.5% | 6 | 22.2% | 0.040 * |
Total | AN-R | AN-BP | BN | BED | OSFED | Women | Men | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 145 | n = 57 | n = 26 | n = 28 | n = 22 | n = 12 | n = 108 | n = 37 | ||||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % |
27 | 18.6% | 8 | 14.0% | 6 | 23.1% | 7 | 25.0% | 4 | 18.2% | 2 | 16.7% | 20 | 18.5% | 7 | 18.9% |
χ2 | 1.92 | (df = 4) | 0.01 | (df = 1) | |||||||||||
p | 0.751 | 0.957 |
α | Without A/DA | With A/DA | p | |d| | η2 | Power | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 118 | n = 27 | ||||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||||||
EDI Drive for thinness | 0.846 | 11.24 | 6.65 | 12.10 | 6.50 | 0.544 | 0.13 | 0.003 | 0.093 |
EDI Body dissatisfaction | 0.922 | 13.35 | 8.86 | 15.66 | 7.70 | 0.213 | 0.28 | 0.011 | 0.237 |
EDI Interoceptive awareness | 0.868 | 8.98 | 7.13 | 12.10 | 5.95 | 0.036 * | 0.52 † | 0.030 | 0.556 |
EDI Bulimia | 0.791 | 4.92 | 5.20 | 6.51 | 4.83 | 0.148 | 0.32 | 0.015 | 0.303 |
EDI Interpersonal distrust | 0.824 | 5.59 | 4.84 | 5.92 | 4.47 | 0.752 | 0.07 | 0.001 | 0.061 |
EDI Ineffectiveness | 0.905 | 8.61 | 6.89 | 10.78 | 6.91 | 0.142 | 0.32 | 0.015 | 0.312 |
EDI Maturity fears | 0.841 | 7.54 | 5.08 | 7.58 | 5.89 | 0.975 | 0.01 | 0.001 | 0.050 |
EDI Perfectionism | 0.842 | 5.31 | 4.40 | 5.16 | 4.54 | 0.878 | 0.03 | 0.001 | 0.053 |
EDI Impulse regulation | 0.850 | 5.43 | 5.85 | 5.60 | 4.43 | 0.886 | 0.03 | 0.001 | 0.052 |
EDI Ascetic | 0.703 | 5.99 | 4.37 | 6.92 | 3.76 | 0.307 | 0.23 | 0.007 | 0.175 |
EDI Social insecurity | 0.825 | 6.37 | 5.17 | 7.28 | 5.72 | 0.417 | 0.17 | 0.005 | 0.127 |
EDI Total score | 0.974 | 83.33 | 48.73 | 95.62 | 42.19 | 0.228 | 0.27 | 0.010 | 0.225 |
SCL-90R Somatization | 0.857 | 1.45 | 0.90 | 1.82 | 0.77 | 0.049 * | 0.44 | 0.026 | 0.497 |
SCL-90-R Obsessive-compulsive | 0.909 | 1.57 | 0.98 | 1.78 | 0.89 | 0.308 | 0.22 | 0.007 | 0.174 |
SCL-90-R Interpersonal sensitive | 0.912 | 1.76 | 1.04 | 1.94 | 0.91 | 0.416 | 0.18 | 0.005 | 0.128 |
SCL-90-R Depression | 0.946 | 2.00 | 1.05 | 2.21 | 0.82 | 0.329 | 0.22 | 0.007 | 0.164 |
SCL-90-R Anxiety | 0.911 | 1.38 | 0.95 | 1.66 | 0.74 | 0.145 | 0.34 | 0.015 | 0.307 |
SCL-90-R Hostility | 0.774 | 1.17 | 0.88 | 1.25 | 0.97 | 0.672 | 0.09 | 0.001 | 0.071 |
SCL-90-R Phobic anxiety | 0.854 | 0.78 | 0.87 | 0.86 | 0.73 | 0.667 | 0.10 | 0.001 | 0.072 |
SCL-90-R Paranoia | 0.875 | 1.27 | 0.89 | 1.32 | 0.81 | 0.821 | 0.05 | 0.001 | 0.056 |
SCL-90-R Psychotic | 0.893 | 1.17 | 0.77 | 1.28 | 0.67 | 0.529 | 0.14 | 0.003 | 0.096 |
SCL-90-R GSI | 0.980 | 1.50 | 0.82 | 1.69 | 0.68 | 0.257 | 0.26 | 0.009 | 0.204 |
SCL-90-R PST | 0.980 | 56.61 | 19.91 | 63.15 | 17.64 | 0.119 | 0.35 | 0.017 | 0.345 |
SCL-90-R PSDI | 0.980 | 2.20 | 0.66 | 2.32 | 0.42 | 0.383 | 0.21 | 0.005 | 0.140 |
TCI-R Novelty seeking | 0.797 | 94.68 | 13.80 | 103.37 | 13.83 | 0.004 * | 0.63 † | 0.057 | 0.834 |
TCI-R Harm avoidance | 0.925 | 112.31 | 20.84 | 116.07 | 21.50 | 0.402 | 0.18 | 0.005 | 0.133 |
TCI-R Reward dependence | 0.700 | 101.21 | 15.47 | 102.56 | 17.33 | 0.691 | 0.08 | 0.001 | 0.068 |
TCI-R Persistence | 0.860 | 114.12 | 20.30 | 107.33 | 24.13 | 0.133 | 0.30 | 0.016 | 0.323 |
TCI-R Self-directedness | 0.908 | 125.72 | 21.84 | 119.33 | 24.19 | 0.181 | 0.28 | 0.012 | 0.266 |
TCI-R Cooperativeness | 0.831 | 136.66 | 17.28 | 135.89 | 15.97 | 0.832 | 0.05 | 0.001 | 0.055 |
TCI-R Self-transcendence | 0.893 | 63.16 | 15.28 | 63.37 | 18.91 | 0.951 | 0.01 | 0.001 | 0.050 |
Without A/DA | With A/DA | p | |d| | η2 | Power | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 118 | n = 27 | |||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||||
Stroop Words | 104.43 | 19.39 | 95.61 | 24.53 | 0.045 * | 0.40 | 0.028 | 0.521 |
Stroop Colour | 75.84 | 16.06 | 80.24 | 19.74 | 0.221 | 0.24 | 0.010 | 0.231 |
Stroop Words-colour | 48.27 | 11.75 | 46.50 | 9.33 | 0.467 | 0.17 | 0.004 | 0.112 |
Stroop Interference | 5.09 | 8.99 | 4.42 | 7.92 | 0.725 | 0.08 | 0.001 | 0.064 |
WCST Total trials | 94.42 | 20.72 | 100.55 | 20.70 | 0.168 | 0.30 | 0.013 | 0.280 |
WCST Correct | 67.83 | 10.87 | 68.06 | 14.02 | 0.924 | 0.02 | 0.001 | 0.051 |
WCST Perseverative errors | 12.40 | 10.33 | 18.54 | 19.41 | 0.023 * | 0.39 | 0.036 | 0.629 |
WCST Non-perseverative errors | 14.20 | 15.25 | 14.22 | 11.91 | 0.993 | 0.01 | 0.001 | 0.050 |
WCST Conceptual | 60.64 | 16.54 | 59.18 | 19.97 | 0.692 | 0.08 | 0.001 | 0.068 |
WCST Categories completed | 5.10 | 1.80 | 4.88 | 1.98 | 0.577 | 0.12 | 0.002 | 0.086 |
WCST Trials completed 1st categ. | 20.36 | 24.17 | 26.73 | 31.78 | 0.248 | 0.23 | 0.009 | 0.210 |
IGT Block 1 | −2.59 | 4.21 | −0.62 | 2.84 | 0.023 * | 0.55 † | 0.036 | 0.629 |
IGT Block 2 | −1.11 | 4.91 | 0.32 | 4.41 | 0.165 | 0.31 | 0.013 | 0.284 |
IGT Block 3 | 0.29 | 5.80 | −1.39 | 3.55 | 0.152 | 0.35 | 0.014 | 0.298 |
IGT Block 4 | 0.38 | 6.69 | 0.68 | 6.67 | 0.834 | 0.04 | 0.001 | 0.055 |
IGT Block 5 | 0.51 | 7.78 | 0.06 | 5.42 | 0.777 | 0.07 | 0.001 | 0.059 |
IGT Total | −2.52 | 20.79 | −0.95 | 11.51 | 0.704 | 0.09 | 0.001 | 0.067 |
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Lozano-Madrid, M.; Clark Bryan, D.; Granero, R.; Sánchez, I.; Riesco, N.; Mallorquí-Bagué, N.; Jiménez-Murcia, S.; Treasure, J.; Fernández-Aranda, F. Impulsivity, Emotional Dysregulation and Executive Function Deficits Could Be Associated with Alcohol and Drug Abuse in Eating Disorders. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 1936. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9061936
Lozano-Madrid M, Clark Bryan D, Granero R, Sánchez I, Riesco N, Mallorquí-Bagué N, Jiménez-Murcia S, Treasure J, Fernández-Aranda F. Impulsivity, Emotional Dysregulation and Executive Function Deficits Could Be Associated with Alcohol and Drug Abuse in Eating Disorders. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(6):1936. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9061936
Chicago/Turabian StyleLozano-Madrid, María, Danielle Clark Bryan, Roser Granero, Isabel Sánchez, Nadine Riesco, Núria Mallorquí-Bagué, Susana Jiménez-Murcia, Janet Treasure, and Fernando Fernández-Aranda. 2020. "Impulsivity, Emotional Dysregulation and Executive Function Deficits Could Be Associated with Alcohol and Drug Abuse in Eating Disorders" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 6: 1936. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9061936