A Pilot Study Evaluating the Effects of 670 nm Photobiomodulation in Healthy Ageing and Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Intervention
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Assessments
2.5. Imaging
2.6. Outcome Measures
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Particiapant Characteristics
3.2. Study Outcomes
3.2.1. Primary Outcome
3.2.2. Secondary Outcomes
3.3. Effect of 670 nm Light Therapy Between Groups
3.4. Compliance
3.5. Adverse Events
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Healthy Ageing (n = 12) | iAMD with no SDD (n = 15) | iAMD with SDD (n = 8) | |
---|---|---|---|
Mean Age (± SD) | 69.9 (± 2.5) | 69.4 (± 7.2) | 69.3 (± 6.8) |
Ethnicity (n, %) | |||
Asian | 1 (8%) | 1 (7%) | 0 (0%) |
Caucasian | 11 (92%) | 15 (93%) | 8 (100%) |
Gender balance | |||
n (% female) | 7 (58%) | 10 (67%) | 5 (63%) |
Mean BCVA | 87.1 ± 6.5 | 84.8 ± 7.6 | 81.6 ± 3.7 |
(ETDRS letters ± SD) | |||
Smoking status | |||
Current or former smoker (%) | 33% | 60% | 25% |
Diabetes history (%) | 0% | 0% | 0% |
Hypertension history (%) | 33% | 20% | 38% |
Hyperlipedemia history (%) | 50% | 26% | 13% |
AREDS or other eye supplements | 0% | 60% | 63% |
Outcomes | Healthy Ageing Mean (SD); n | iAMD with no SDD Mean (SD); n | iAMD with SDD Mean (SD); n | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | 12 Months | p Value | Baseline | 12 Months | p Value | Baseline | 12 Months | p Value | |
BCVA (ETDRS letters) | 87.1 (6.5); 12 | 85.7 (6.4); 12 | 0.356 | 84.8 (7.6); 15 | 85.7 (6.6); 15 | 0.456 | 81.6 (3.7); 8 | 83.0 (3.9); 8 | 0.211 |
LLVA (ETDRS letters) | 73.5 (6.0); 12 | 70.4 (6.2); 12 | 0.182 | 70.8 (8.1); 15 | 67.2 (9.1); 15 | 0.005 | 68.1 (6.3); 8 | 65.9 (8.7); 8 | 0.188 |
LLD (ETDRS letters) | 13.6 (3.7); 12 | 15.3 (4.3); 12 | 0.363 | 14.0 (5.5); 15 | 18.5 (6.3); 15 | 0.006 | 13.5 (5.9); 8 | 17.1 (8.3); 8 | 0.050 |
Scotopic Thresholds (dB) | 56.18 (2.94); 12 | 57.96 (1.75); 12 | 0.030 | 54.69 (4.59); 15 | 55.58 (6.20); 15 | 0.303 | 54.92 (4.39); 8 | 53.93 (4.64); 8 | 0.576 |
RIT (minutes) | 9.35 (5.21); 7 | 5.59 (2.58); 7 | 0.031 | 14.92 (6.12); 8 | 13.24 (5.17); 8 | 0.438 | 20.00 (0.00); 5 | 19.21 (1.77); 5 | >0.999 |
Photopic 28.3Hz flicker ERG amplitude (µV) | 14.21 (5.92); 11 | 11.00 (4.21); 11 | 0.020 | 16.82 (7.74); 12 | 14.54 (6.30); 12 | 0.583 | 14.59 (4.67); 7 | 12.43 (5.88); 7 | 0.443 |
Photopic 28.3Hz flicker ERG timing (ms) | 27.80 (1.28); 11 | 28.05 (0.82); 11 | 0.338 | 28.31 (1.34); 12 | 28.88 (1.28); 12 | 0.192 | 28.13 (1.23); 7 | 29.43 (1.14); 7 | 0.038 |
BCVA (ETDRS Letters) | Mean (SD); n | Change from Baseline Mean (SE) | Adjusted Difference Between Groups (95% CI) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Healthy ageing | iAMD with no SDD | iAMD with SDD | Healthy ageing | iAMD with no SDD | iAMD with SDD | iAMD with no SDD vs HA | p-value | iAMD- with SDD vs HA | p-value | |
Baseline | 87.1 (6.5); 12 | 84.8 (7.6); 15 | 81.6 (3.7); 8 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
1 Month | 87.4 (7.2); 12 | 85.9 (6.4); 15 | 84.1 (4.5); 8 | 0.33 (1.05) | 1.13 (0.93) | 2.50 (1.28) | 0.80 (−1.97–3.58) | 0.569 | 2.17 (−1.10–5.43) | 0.192 |
3 Months | 86.2 (8.8); 12 | 86.0 (5.5); 15 | 83.1 (5.6); 7 | −0.92 (1.05) | 1.20 (0.93) | 1.42 (1.34) | 2.12 (−0.66–4.89) | 0.134 | 2.34 (−1.02–5.70) | 0.170 |
6 Months | 86.5 (6.3); 10 | 84.8 (7.3); 13 | 84.2 (3.7); 6 | 0.57 (1.11) | 0.89 (0.98) | 1.40 (1.41) | 0.32 (−2.58–3.22) | 0.829 | 0.84 (−2.69–4.37) | 0.640 |
12 Months | 85.7 (6.4); 12 | 85.7 (6.6); 15 | 83.0 (3.9); 8 | −1.42 (1.05) | 0.87 (0.93) | 1.38 (1.28) | 2.28 (−0.47–5.03) | 0.104 | 2.79 (−0.47–6.05) | 0.092 |
LLVA (ETDRS Letters) | Mean (SD); n | Change from baseline Mean (SE) | Adjusted difference between groups (95% CI) | |||||||
Healthy ageing | iAMD with no SDD | iAMD with SDD | Healthy ageing | iAMD with no SDD | iAMD with SDD | iAMD with no SDD vs HA | p-value | iAMD- with SDD vs HA | p-value | |
Baseline | 73.5 (6.0); 12 | 70.8 (8.1); 15 | 68.1 (6.3); 8 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
1 Month | 71.7 (7.0); 12 | 68.6 (8.2); 15 | 68.9 (6.5); 8 | −1.83 (1.50) | −2.20 (1.34) | 0.75 (1.84) | −0.37 (−4.35–3.62) | 0.856 | 2.58 (−2.12–7.28) | 0.279 |
3 Months | 74.3 (7.2); 12 | 70.3 (8.0); 15 | 69.4 (7.7); 7 | 0.75 (1.50) | −0.53 (1.34) | 0.90 (1.92) | −1.28 (−5.27–2.70) | 0.525 | 0.15 (−4.69–4.98) | 0.950 |
6 Months | 75.0 (6.1); 10 | 69.5 (8.9); 13 | 69.7 (8.4); 6 | 2.25 (1.59) | −0.05 (1.40) | 2.05 (2.02) | −2.30 (−6.50–1.90) | 0.281 | −0.20 (−5.29–4.89) | 0.939 |
12 Months | 70.4 (6.2); 12 | 67.2 (9.0); 15 | 65.9 (8.7); 8 | −3.08 (1.50) | −3.60 (1.34) | −2.25 (1.84) | −0.52 (−4.50–3.47) | 0.798 | 0.83 (−3.87–5.53) | 0.726 |
LLD (ETDRS Letters) | Mean (SD); n | Change from baseline Mean (SE) | Adjusted difference between groups (95% CI) | |||||||
Healthy ageing | iAMD with no SDD | iAMD with SDD | Healthy ageing | iAMD with no SDD | iAMD with SDD | iAMD with no SDD vs HA | p-value | iAMD with SDD vs HA | P-value | |
Baseline | 13.6 (3.7); 12 | 14.0 (5.5); 15 | 13.5 (5.9); 8 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
1 Month | 15.6 (5.8); 12 | 17.3 (7.1); 15 | 15.3 (5.0); 8 | 2.17 (1.57) | 3.33 (1.40) | 1.75 (1.92) | 1.17 (−2.99–5.32) | 0.580 | −0.42 (−5.32–4.49) | 0.867 |
3 Months | 11.9 (5.7); 12 | 15.7 (7.0); 15 | 13.7 (5.6); 7 | −1.67 (1.57) | 1.73 (1.40) | 2.13 (1.92) | 3.40 (−0.76–7.56) | 0.108 | 3.79 (−1.11–8.69) | 0.128 |
6 Months | 11.5 (3.9); 10 | 15.3 (7.3); 13 | 14.5 (8.9); 6 | −1.74 (1.66) | 0.94 (1.46) | −0.62 (2.10) | 2.68 (−1.70–7.06) | 0.229 | 1.12 (−4.19–6.42) | 0.678 |
12 Months | 15.3 (4.3); 12 | 18.5 (6.3); 15 | 17.1 (8.3); 8 | 1.67 (1.57) | 4.47 (1.40) | 3.63 (1.92) | 2.80 (−1.36–6.96) | 0.185 | 1.96 (−2.94–6.86) | 0.431 |
Rod-Intercept Time (RIT, minutes) | Mean (SD); n | Change from Baseline Mean (SE) | Adjusted Difference Between Groups (95% CI) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Healthy ageing | iAMD with no SDD | iAMD with SDD | Healthy ageing | iAMD with no SDD | iAMD with SDD | iAMD with no SDD vs HA | p-value | iAMD with SDD vs HA | p-value | |
Baseline | 10.67 (6.09); 8 | 14.52 (6.41); 10 | 20.00 (0.00); 5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
1 Month | 9.06 (5.33); 8 | 14.19 (6.08); 12 | 17.29 (4.36); 5 | −1.89 (1.72) | 0.93 (1.55) | −0.42 (2.45) | 2.82 (−1.78–7.42) | 0.227 | 1.47 (−4.47–7.40) | 0.625 |
3 Months | 5.83 (3.33); 11 | 12.51 (6.89); 15 | 19.92 (0.22); 7 | −5.61 (1.74) | −0.62 (1.50) | −0.27 (2.40) | 4.98 (0.43–9.54) | 0.032 | 5.33 (−0.55–11.21) | 0.075 |
6 Months | 5.39 (2.60); 10 | 13.27 (6.42); 13 | 17.21 (4.36); 5 | −6.37 (1.77) | −0.44 (1.57) | −3.93 (2.45) | 5.92 (1.24–10.61) | 0.014 | 2.44 (−3.56–8.43) | 0.422 |
12 Months | 5.48 (2.40); 11 | 12.40 (5.64); 13 | 19.34 (1.61); 6 | −5.80 (1.74) | −1.20 (1.57) | −0.46 (2.40) | 4.60 (−0.04–9.25) | 0.052 | 5.34 (−0.54–11.23) | 0.075 |
Scotopic Thresholds (dB) | Mean (SD); n | Change from baseline Mean (SE) | Adjusted difference between groups (95% CI) | |||||||
Healthy ageing | iAMD with no SDD | iAMD with SDD | Healthy ageing | iAMD with no SDD | iAMD with SDD | iAMD with no SDD vs HA | p-value | iAMD with SDD vs HA | p-value | |
Baseline | 56.18 (2.94); 12 | 54.70 (4.60); 15 | 54.92 (4.40); 8 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
1 Month | 55.27 (3.23); 12 | 56.05 (4.01); 15 | 54.85 (5.42); 8 | −0.91 (1.09) | 1.36 (0.98) | −0.07 (1.34) | 2.27 (−0.63–5.18) | 0.124 | 0.84 (−2.58–4.27) | 0.628 |
3 Months | 57.47 (2.32); 12 | 57.46 (3.10); 15 | 55.58 (4.15); 7 | 1.29 (1.09) | 2.77 (0.98) | 0.83 (1.40) | 1.48 (−1.42–4.39) | 0.314 | −0.46 (−3.97–3.06) | 0.797 |
6 Months | 57.42 (1.93); 10 | 56.11 (3.73); 13 | 54.84 (3.39); 6 | 1.21 (1.16) | 1.89 (1.02) | 0.09 (1.47) | 0.67 (−2.39–3.73) | 0.664 | −1.12 (−4.82–2.58) | 0.550 |
12 Months | 57.95 (1.75); 12 | 55.58 (6.20); 15 | 53.93 (4.64); 8 | 1.77 (1.09) | 0.89 (0.98) | −0.99 (1.34) | −0.87 (−3.78–2.03) | 0.553 | −2.76 (−6.18–0.67) | 0.114 |
Photopic Flicker Timing (ms) | Mean (SD); n | Change from Baseline Mean (SE) | Adjusted Difference between Groups (95% CI) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Healthy ageing | iAMD with no SDD | iAMD with SDD | Healthy ageing | iAMD with no SDD | iAMD with SDD | iAMD with no SDD vs HA | p-value | iAMDwith SDD vs HA | p-value | |
Baseline | 27.80 (1.28); 11 | 28.33 (1.29); 13 | 28.20 (1.16); 8 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
1 Month | 27.89 (1.00); 11 | 28.44 (0.92); 14 | 28.74 (1.37); 7 | 0.03 (0.29) | −0.20 (0.27) | 0.13 (0.35) | −0.22 (−1.01–0.56) | 0.569 | 0.10 (−0.80–1.00) | 0.827 |
3 Months | 27.63 (1.50); 12 | 28.22 (0.78); 14 | 28.70 (0.95); 7 | −0.30 (0.28) | −0.20 (0.26) | −0.09 (0.35) | 0.09 (−0.67–0.86) | 0.805 | 0.20 (−0.69–1.09) | 0.649 |
6 Months | 27.81 (0.97); 10 | 28.59 (1.09); 12 | 28.23 (0.99); 6 | −0.20 (0.30) | 0.22 (0.27) | −0.16 (0.37) | 0.42 (−0.38–1.22) | 0.302 | 0.04 (−0.90–0.98) | 0.937 |
12 Months | 27.99 (0.82); 12 | 29.01 (1.22); 14 | 29.43 (1.14); 7 | 0.06 (0.28) | 0.55 (0.26) | 0.86 (0.35) | 0.48 (−0.28–1.24) | 0.210 | 0.80 (−0.09–1.69) | 0.077 |
Photopic flicker Amplitude (µV) | Mean (SD); n | Change from baseline Mean (SE) | Adjusted difference between groups (95% CI) | |||||||
Healthy ageing | iAMD with no SDD | iAMD with SDD | Healthy ageing | iAMD with no SDD | iAMD with SDD | iAMD with no SDD vs HA | p-value | iAMD with SDD vs HA | P-value | |
Baseline | 14.21 (5.92); 11 | 16.75 (7.41); 13 | 14.24 (4.44); 8 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
1 Month | 15.04 (7.86); 11 | 15.64 (7.36); 14 | 17.59 (4.77); 7 | 1.18 (1.65) | −0.08 (1.53) | 2.64 (1.99) | −1.26 (−5.72–3.10) | 0.575 | 1.46 (−3.66–6.59) | 0.573 |
3 Months | 12.39 (7.74); 12 | 15.42 (5.47); 14 | 14.16 (3.64); 7 | −1.61 (1.60) | 0.72 (1.49) | −0.19 (1.99) | 2.33 (−2.01–6.68) | 0.289 | 1.42 (−3.65–6.49) | 0.580 |
6 Months | 12.77 (4.84); 10 | 14.63 (5.66); 12 | 14.40 (5.98); 6 | −0.29 (1.70) | −0.90 (1.55) | −0.29 (2.10) | −0.61 (−5.17–3.95) | 0.791 | 0.00 (−5.35–5.35) | 1.000 |
12 Months | 10.88 (4.03); 12 | 14.32 (5.91); 14 | 12.43 (5.88); 7 | −3.12 (1.60) | −1.21 (1.50) | −1.87 (2.00) | 1.91 (−2.43–6.26) | 0.385 | 1.25 (−3.82–6.33) | 0.626 |
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Grewal, M.K.; Sivapathasuntharam, C.; Chandra, S.; Gurudas, S.; Chong, V.; Bird, A.; Jeffery, G.; Sivaprasad, S. A Pilot Study Evaluating the Effects of 670 nm Photobiomodulation in Healthy Ageing and Age-Related Macular Degeneration. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 1001. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041001
Grewal MK, Sivapathasuntharam C, Chandra S, Gurudas S, Chong V, Bird A, Jeffery G, Sivaprasad S. A Pilot Study Evaluating the Effects of 670 nm Photobiomodulation in Healthy Ageing and Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(4):1001. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041001
Chicago/Turabian StyleGrewal, Manjot K., Chrishne Sivapathasuntharam, Shruti Chandra, Sarega Gurudas, Victor Chong, Alan Bird, Glen Jeffery, and Sobha Sivaprasad. 2020. "A Pilot Study Evaluating the Effects of 670 nm Photobiomodulation in Healthy Ageing and Age-Related Macular Degeneration" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 4: 1001. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041001
APA StyleGrewal, M. K., Sivapathasuntharam, C., Chandra, S., Gurudas, S., Chong, V., Bird, A., Jeffery, G., & Sivaprasad, S. (2020). A Pilot Study Evaluating the Effects of 670 nm Photobiomodulation in Healthy Ageing and Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(4), 1001. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041001