Acute Phase Proteins and Vitamin D Seasonal Variation in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Dietary Assessment and Questionnaire
2.3. Laboratory Tests
2.4. Nutritional Status Assessment
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Vitamin D Seasonal Variation
4.2. Acute Phase Proteins’ Seasonal Variation
4.3. Relationship between Vitamin D and Acute Phase Proteins
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | The Study Group; n = 59 |
---|---|
Age, years | 57.9 ± 14.1 |
Female, n (%) | 24 (40.7) |
BMI, kg/m2 | 25.1 ± 5.3 |
Dialysis duration time, months | 137 (39; 392) |
Treatment with phosphate binders, n (%) | 46 (77.9) |
Calcium carbonate, n (%) | 37 (62.7) |
Aluminium hydroxide, n (%) | 7 (11.9) |
Sevelamer, n (%) | 2 (3.4) |
Vitamin D supplementation; n (%) | 25 (42.4) |
Treatment with erythropoietin analogues, n (%) | 28 (47.5) |
Epoietin, n (%) | 14 (23.7) |
Darbepoietin α, n (%) | 6 (10.2) |
Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin β, n (%) | 8 (13.6) |
Low dose *, n (%) | 21 (35.6) |
High dose, n (%) | 7 (11.9) |
Iron supplementation, n (%) | 25 (42.4) |
Status post kidney transplantation; n (%) | 12 (20.3) |
Hyperparathyroidism; n (%) | 13 (22) |
Diabetes, n (%) | 21 (35.6) |
Physical activity level | |
Low, n (%) | 47 (79.7) |
Moderate, n (%) | 12 (20.3) |
Vitamin D (ng/mL) | 22.44 (15.59; 34.39) |
Albumin (g/L) | 40 (37; 42) |
Prealbumin (g/L) | 0.39 ± 0.11 |
CRP (mg/L) | 3.16 (1.25; 9.27) |
AGP (g/L) | 1.44 (1.25; 1.67) |
Total calcium (mmol/L) | 2.19 (2.06; 2.41) |
Phosphates (mmol/L) | 1.70 ± 0.55 |
Intact PTH (pg/mL) | 316.7 (119.5; 636.8) |
Ca × P (mmol2/L2) | 3.74 ± 1.26 |
PINI | 0.29 (0.1; 1.23) |
CSI | 3.49 (2.70; 4.84) |
CRP/PRE (×10−3) | 7.57 (2.77; 12.79) |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 11.11 ± 1.15 |
Characteristics | Points | The Study Group; n = 59 |
---|---|---|
Frequency of sun exposure: | ||
Every day, n (%) | 3 | 37 (62.7) |
3–4 times a week, n (%) | 2 | 13 (22.0) |
1–2 times a week or lower, n (%) | 1 | 9 (15.2) |
Duration of sun exposure session: | ||
≥30 min, n (%) | 3 | 40 (67.8) |
15–30 min, n (%) | 2 | 9 (15.3) |
<15 min, n (%) | 1 | 10 (16.9) |
Body surface exposed to sun: | ||
More than face, forearms and lower legs, n (%) | 3 | 4 (6.8) |
Face, forearms and lower legs, n (%) | 2 | 40 (67.8) |
Smaller, n (%) | 1 | 15 (25.4) |
Sun exposure index, points | sum of above | 7 (6; 8) |
Use of sun protection filter creams or lotions: | ||
Yes, n (%) | - | 9 (15.2) |
No, n (%) | 50 (84.7) |
Post-Summer | Post-Winter | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Energy (kcal/day) | 1335 (1016; 1556) | 1387 (1199; 1663) | 0.043 |
Proteins (g/day) | 51.0 ± 17.0 | 54.8 ± 16.4 | 0.1 |
Fat (g/day) | 46.34 (36.41; 60.03) | 48.09 (37.33; 60.99) | 0.6 |
Carbohydrates (g/day) | 184.2 (139.9; 225.9) | 204.3 (152.7; 238.6) | 0.09 |
Calcium (mg/day) | 22.3 (170.8; 323.8) | 249.1 (175.4; 355.7) | 0.2 |
Phosphorus (mg/day) | 711.2 (563.0; 853.6) | 731.9 (655.4; 888.9) | 0.5 |
Magnesium (mg/day) | 169.61 ± 50.67 | 178.48 ± 65.61 | 0.4 |
Zinc (mg/day) | 6.55 ± 2.27 | 6.88 ± 2.34 | 0.4 |
Potassium (mg/day) | 1897.1 ± 626.9 | 1993.8 ± 675.7 | 0.9 |
Iron (mg/day) | 7.07 ± 2.24 | 7.42 ± 2.31 | 0.3 |
Vitamin D (µg/day) | 1.32 (0.80; 2.71) | 1.44 (0.83; 2.58) | 0.7 |
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Maraj, M.; Hetwer, P.; Dumnicka, P.; Ceranowicz, P.; Mazur-Laskowska, M.; Ząbek-Adamska, A.; Warzecha, Z.; Kuśnierz-Cabala, B.; Kuźniewski, M. Acute Phase Proteins and Vitamin D Seasonal Variation in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 807. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030807
Maraj M, Hetwer P, Dumnicka P, Ceranowicz P, Mazur-Laskowska M, Ząbek-Adamska A, Warzecha Z, Kuśnierz-Cabala B, Kuźniewski M. Acute Phase Proteins and Vitamin D Seasonal Variation in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(3):807. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030807
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaraj, Małgorzata, Paulina Hetwer, Paulina Dumnicka, Piotr Ceranowicz, Małgorzata Mazur-Laskowska, Anna Ząbek-Adamska, Zygmunt Warzecha, Beata Kuśnierz-Cabala, and Marek Kuźniewski. 2020. "Acute Phase Proteins and Vitamin D Seasonal Variation in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 3: 807. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030807