Acute Phase Proteins and Vitamin D Seasonal Variation in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Dietary Assessment and Questionnaire
2.3. Laboratory Tests
2.4. Nutritional Status Assessment
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Vitamin D Seasonal Variation
4.2. Acute Phase Proteins’ Seasonal Variation
4.3. Relationship between Vitamin D and Acute Phase Proteins
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | The Study Group; n = 59 |
---|---|
Age, years | 57.9 ± 14.1 |
Female, n (%) | 24 (40.7) |
BMI, kg/m2 | 25.1 ± 5.3 |
Dialysis duration time, months | 137 (39; 392) |
Treatment with phosphate binders, n (%) | 46 (77.9) |
Calcium carbonate, n (%) | 37 (62.7) |
Aluminium hydroxide, n (%) | 7 (11.9) |
Sevelamer, n (%) | 2 (3.4) |
Vitamin D supplementation; n (%) | 25 (42.4) |
Treatment with erythropoietin analogues, n (%) | 28 (47.5) |
Epoietin, n (%) | 14 (23.7) |
Darbepoietin α, n (%) | 6 (10.2) |
Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin β, n (%) | 8 (13.6) |
Low dose *, n (%) | 21 (35.6) |
High dose, n (%) | 7 (11.9) |
Iron supplementation, n (%) | 25 (42.4) |
Status post kidney transplantation; n (%) | 12 (20.3) |
Hyperparathyroidism; n (%) | 13 (22) |
Diabetes, n (%) | 21 (35.6) |
Physical activity level | |
Low, n (%) | 47 (79.7) |
Moderate, n (%) | 12 (20.3) |
Vitamin D (ng/mL) | 22.44 (15.59; 34.39) |
Albumin (g/L) | 40 (37; 42) |
Prealbumin (g/L) | 0.39 ± 0.11 |
CRP (mg/L) | 3.16 (1.25; 9.27) |
AGP (g/L) | 1.44 (1.25; 1.67) |
Total calcium (mmol/L) | 2.19 (2.06; 2.41) |
Phosphates (mmol/L) | 1.70 ± 0.55 |
Intact PTH (pg/mL) | 316.7 (119.5; 636.8) |
Ca × P (mmol2/L2) | 3.74 ± 1.26 |
PINI | 0.29 (0.1; 1.23) |
CSI | 3.49 (2.70; 4.84) |
CRP/PRE (×10−3) | 7.57 (2.77; 12.79) |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 11.11 ± 1.15 |
Characteristics | Points | The Study Group; n = 59 |
---|---|---|
Frequency of sun exposure: | ||
Every day, n (%) | 3 | 37 (62.7) |
3–4 times a week, n (%) | 2 | 13 (22.0) |
1–2 times a week or lower, n (%) | 1 | 9 (15.2) |
Duration of sun exposure session: | ||
≥30 min, n (%) | 3 | 40 (67.8) |
15–30 min, n (%) | 2 | 9 (15.3) |
<15 min, n (%) | 1 | 10 (16.9) |
Body surface exposed to sun: | ||
More than face, forearms and lower legs, n (%) | 3 | 4 (6.8) |
Face, forearms and lower legs, n (%) | 2 | 40 (67.8) |
Smaller, n (%) | 1 | 15 (25.4) |
Sun exposure index, points | sum of above | 7 (6; 8) |
Use of sun protection filter creams or lotions: | ||
Yes, n (%) | - | 9 (15.2) |
No, n (%) | 50 (84.7) |
Post-Summer | Post-Winter | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Energy (kcal/day) | 1335 (1016; 1556) | 1387 (1199; 1663) | 0.043 |
Proteins (g/day) | 51.0 ± 17.0 | 54.8 ± 16.4 | 0.1 |
Fat (g/day) | 46.34 (36.41; 60.03) | 48.09 (37.33; 60.99) | 0.6 |
Carbohydrates (g/day) | 184.2 (139.9; 225.9) | 204.3 (152.7; 238.6) | 0.09 |
Calcium (mg/day) | 22.3 (170.8; 323.8) | 249.1 (175.4; 355.7) | 0.2 |
Phosphorus (mg/day) | 711.2 (563.0; 853.6) | 731.9 (655.4; 888.9) | 0.5 |
Magnesium (mg/day) | 169.61 ± 50.67 | 178.48 ± 65.61 | 0.4 |
Zinc (mg/day) | 6.55 ± 2.27 | 6.88 ± 2.34 | 0.4 |
Potassium (mg/day) | 1897.1 ± 626.9 | 1993.8 ± 675.7 | 0.9 |
Iron (mg/day) | 7.07 ± 2.24 | 7.42 ± 2.31 | 0.3 |
Vitamin D (µg/day) | 1.32 (0.80; 2.71) | 1.44 (0.83; 2.58) | 0.7 |
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Maraj, M.; Hetwer, P.; Dumnicka, P.; Ceranowicz, P.; Mazur-Laskowska, M.; Ząbek-Adamska, A.; Warzecha, Z.; Kuśnierz-Cabala, B.; Kuźniewski, M. Acute Phase Proteins and Vitamin D Seasonal Variation in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 807. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030807
Maraj M, Hetwer P, Dumnicka P, Ceranowicz P, Mazur-Laskowska M, Ząbek-Adamska A, Warzecha Z, Kuśnierz-Cabala B, Kuźniewski M. Acute Phase Proteins and Vitamin D Seasonal Variation in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(3):807. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030807
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaraj, Małgorzata, Paulina Hetwer, Paulina Dumnicka, Piotr Ceranowicz, Małgorzata Mazur-Laskowska, Anna Ząbek-Adamska, Zygmunt Warzecha, Beata Kuśnierz-Cabala, and Marek Kuźniewski. 2020. "Acute Phase Proteins and Vitamin D Seasonal Variation in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 3: 807. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030807
APA StyleMaraj, M., Hetwer, P., Dumnicka, P., Ceranowicz, P., Mazur-Laskowska, M., Ząbek-Adamska, A., Warzecha, Z., Kuśnierz-Cabala, B., & Kuźniewski, M. (2020). Acute Phase Proteins and Vitamin D Seasonal Variation in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(3), 807. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030807