NO Synthesis Markers Are Not Significantly Associated with Blood Pressure and Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients with Arterial Hypertension: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ACE | Angiotensin converting enzyme |
ADMA | Asymmetric dimethylarginine |
AGXT2 | Alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase 2 |
ANOVA | Analysis of variance |
BMI | Body mass index |
CD | Cardiovascular disease |
cGMP | Cyclic guanosinmonophosphate |
CKD-EPI | Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration |
CV | Coefficient of variation |
DDAH I/II | Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase I/II |
GFR | Glomerular filtration rate |
HbA1c | Glycated hemoglobin |
HDL | High Density Lipoprotein |
HPLC | High-performance liquid chromatography |
LDL | Low Density Lipoprotein |
NO | Nitric oxide |
PRMT I/II | Protein arginine methyltransferases I/II |
PWV | Pulse wave velocity |
SDMA | Symmetric dimethylarginine |
References
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Homoarginine Quartiles [µmol/L] | 0.58–1.45 n = 127 | 1.46–1.77 n = 131 | 1.78–2.23 n = 124 | 2.24–4.45 n = 127 | p Value Trend |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female [%] | 71.7 | 56.5 | 44.4 | 36.2 | p < 0.001 * |
Age [years] | 63.5 ± 9.9 | 61.1 ± 1.1 | 60.9 ± 10.3 | 59.2 ± 10.5 | p = 0.002 * |
BMI [kg/m2] | 28.6 ± 5.4 | 29.4 ± 4.8 | 30.0 ± 5.1 | 30.4 ± 5.1 | p = 0.004 * |
Laboratory results | |||||
Glomerular filtration rate (CKD-EPI formula) | 75.0 ± 18.6 | 80.3 ± 17.5 | 80.8 ± 17.3 | 81.7 ± 14.9 | p = 0.022 * |
HbA1c [mmol/mol] | 44.9 ± 12.6 | 43.6 ± 11.9 | 41.9 ± 9.8 | 41.8 ± 12.1 | p = 0.29 |
Total cholesterol [mg/dL] | 206 (169.8–228) | 198 (163.8–231) | 199 (171–224.5) | 186 (162–217) | p = 0.09 |
HDL [mg/dL] | 60.5 (51.8–75) | 55 (46–69) | 55.5 (45–68) | 54 (44–65) | p = 0.006 * |
LDL [mg/dL] | 114.5 (88.5–143.3) | 112.5 (82.3–148.3) | 115 (90–140) | 104 (87–133.5) | p = 0.81 |
Triglycerides [mg/dL] | 99 (70.8–142.5) | 110 (76.5–145.3) | 112 (78.3–164.5) | 117 (80–169) | p = 0.06 |
Medication [%] | |||||
Beta blockers | 46.8 | 49.6 | 50 | 50 | p = 0.95 |
ACE inhibitors | 38.1 | 35.9 | 24.2 | 40.5 | p = 0.035 * |
Angiotensin II receptor antagonists | 30.2 | 34.4 | 34.7 | 30.2 | p = 0.78 |
Calcium channel antagonists | 27.0 | 24.4 | 29.8 | 23.0 | p = 0.10 |
Diuretics | 48.4 | 45.0 | 41.9 | 41.3 | p = 0.65 |
Aldosterone antagonists | 4.8 | 3.1 | 4.0 | 4.0 | p = 0.92 |
Other antihypertensive drugs | 12.0 | 16.0 | 11.3 | 17.5 | p = 0.42 |
Glucocorticoids | 3.2 | 1.5 | 4.9 | 1.6 | p = 0.32 |
Pulse wave velocity [m/sec] | 8.9 ± 2.5 | 8.8 ± 2.2 | 8.0 ± 2.1 | 8.5 ± 2.5 | p = 0.03 * |
Mean 24 h systolic blood pressure [mm Hg] | 125.2 ± 14.9 | 127.9 ± 13.5 | 127.9 ± 13.4 | 129.2 ± 13.4 | p = 0.03 * |
Mean 24 h diastolic blood pressure [mm Hg] | 74.9 ± 8.7 | 75.3 ± 8.9 | 77.1 ± 9.4 | 78.2 ± 10.5 | p = 0.002 * |
Mean 24 h heart rate [bpm] | 71.6 ± 9.5 | 72.5 ± 10.5 | 70.6 ± 9.0 | 72.8 ± 10.0 | p = 0.68 |
Mean night systolic blood pressure [mm Hg] | 116.4 ± 16.9 | 116.8 ± 16.3 | 115.8 ± 19.6 | 117.6 ± 14.7 | p = 0.72 |
Mean night diastolic blood pressure [mm Hg] | 66.9 ± 9.0 | 66.6 ± 9.5 | 68.5 ± 9.4 | 68.6 ± 9.3 | p = 0.07 |
Mean night heart rate [bpm] | 64.4 ± 9.3 | 65.7 ± 9.7 | 63.8 ± 9.6 | 64.8 ± 8.9 | p = 0.86 |
Mean Systolic Dipping [%] | −11.0 ± 9.5 | −11.9 ± 9.6 | −11.7 ± 8.0 | −12.2 ± 9.2 | p = 0.39 |
Mean Diastolic Dipping [%] | −15.6 ± 9.1 | −15.3 ± 10.0 | −15.1 ± 8.6 | −15.7 ± 8.8 | p = 0.98 |
ADMA Quartiles [µmol/L] | 0.47–0.64 n = 127 | 0.65–0.70 n = 138 | 0.71–0.77 n = 125 | 0.78–0.98 n = 119 | p Value Trend |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female [%] | 49.6 | 47.4 | 56.8 | 56.3 | p = 0.33 |
Age [years] | 57.6 ± 11.4 | 60.9 ± 9.8 | 63.3 ± 9.9 | 63.2 ± 10.1 | p < 0.001 * |
BMI [kg/m2] | 28.8 ± 4.7 | 29.5 ± 4.7 | 29.3 ± 4.8 | 30.8 ± 6.0 | p = 0.004 * |
Laboratory results | |||||
Glomerular filtration rate (CKD-EPI formula) | 87.2 ± 14.5 | 76.9 ± 17.1 | 77.8 ± 16.5 | 75.0 ± 18.7 | p < 0.001 * |
HbA1c [mmol/mol] | 42.7 ± 12.0 | 42.7 ± 11.7 | 44.6 ± 11.5 | 44.5 ± 11.4 | p = 0.12 |
Total cholesterol [mg/dL] | 200 (171–231) | 205 (172–229.5) | 184 (158–219.5) | 194.5 (164–223) | p = 0.44 |
HDL [mg/dL] | 58 (47–75) | 56 (45–66.5) | 57 (48–68) | 54 (42.8–67) | p = 0.03 * |
LDL [mg/dL] | 115 (95–140.5) | 120 (93–143) | 99 (80–137) | 109.5 (88–141.3) | p = 0.31 |
Triglycerides [mg/dL] | 108 (73–138) | 115 (77–175) | 94 (70.5–139.5) | 122.5 (84.8–166.5) | p = 0.24 |
Medication [%] | |||||
Beta blockers | 41.3 | 43.8 | 55.2 | 57.1 | p = 0.02 * |
ACE inhibitors | 33.3 | 38.0 | 33.6 | 33.6 | p = 0.83 |
Angiotensin II receptor antagonists | 35.7 | 27.7 | 34.4 | 31.9 | p = 0.53 |
Calcium channel antagonists | 22.2 | 21.2 | 32.8 | 28.6 | p = 0.11 |
Diuretics | 38.1 | 42.3 | 44.0 | 52.9 | p = 0.12 |
Aldosterone antagonists | 4.0 | 4.4 | 3.2 | 4.2 | p = 0.97 |
Other antihypertensive drugs | 11.1 | 16.8 | 14.4 | 14.4 | p = 0.63 |
Glucocorticoids | 1.6 | 1.5 | 3.2 | 5.0 | p = 0.28 |
Pulse wave velocity [m/sec] | 8.2 ± 2.0 | 8.7 ± 2.1 | 8.9 ± 2.4 | 8.4 ± 3.0 | p = 0.31 |
Mean 24 h systolic blood pressure [mm Hg] | 127.7 ± 13.2 | 126.7 ± 13.7 | 126.4 ± 13.8 | 129.5 ± 14.7 | p = 0.38 |
Mean 24 h diastolic blood pressure [mm Hg] | 78.7 ± 10.0 | 76.1 ± 9.7 | 75.1 ± 8.8 | 75.6 ± 9.1 | p = 0.007 * |
Mean 24 h heart rate [bpm] | 72.2 ± 9.3 | 72.0 ± 10.4 | 71.8 ± 9.5 | 71.6 ± 10.0 | p = 0.61 |
Mean night systolic blood pressure [mm Hg] | 116.7 ± 19.0 | 115.1 ± 14.3 | 116.5 ± 19.5 | 118.8 ± 14.0 | p = 0.28 |
Mean night diastolic blood pressure [mm Hg] | 69.1 ± 9.2 | 67.2 ± 9.7 | 67.1 ± 9.6 | 67.2 ± 8.4 | p = 0.12 |
Mean night heart rate [bpm] | 64.8 ± 8.8 | 64.6 ± 10.0 | 64.6 ± 9.0 | 64.8 ± 9.6 | p = 0.99 |
Mean Systolic Dipping [%] | −11.8 ± 9.6 | −13.1 ± 8.4 | −10.9 ± 9.2 | −10.8 ± 9.2 | p = 0.17 |
Mean Diastolic Dipping [%] | −16.1 ± 9.2 | −15.9 ± 9.0 | −14.8 ± 9.3 | −14.8 ± 9.2 | p = 0.17 |
SDMA Quartiles [µmol/L] | 0.44–0.60 n = 127 | 0.61–0.69 n = 138 | 0.70–0.79 n = 124 | 0.80–1.73 n = 120 | p Value Trend |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female [%] | 52.0 | 50.0 | 42.3 | 50.0 | p = 0.57 |
Age [years] | 56.6 ± 10.2 | 59.4 ± 10.8 | 61.6 ± 10.2 | 67.6 ± 7.4 | p < 0.001 * |
BMI [kg/m2] | 30.6 ± 5.3 | 29.6 ± 5.4 | 28.7 ± 4.2 | 29.6 ± 5.3 | p = 0.07 |
Laboratory results | |||||
Glomerular filtration rate (CKD-EPI formula) | 92.0 ± 13.4 | 85.7 ± 11.1 | 75.9 ± 13.3 | 62.5 ± 14.9 | p < 0.001 * |
HbA1c [mmol/mol] | 46.4 ± 15.3 | 42.3 ± 9.9 | 41.7 ± 9.7 | 43.9 ± 10.6 | p = 0.08 |
Total cholesterol [mg/dL] | 187 (165–218) | 206.5 (171.8–234.5) | 205 (169–229) | 186 (157–220) | p = 0.43 |
HDL [mg/dL] | 54 (44.8–66) | 57 (48–73) | 57 (48–69) | 56 (44–69) | p = 0.32 |
LDL [mg/dL] | 108 (84.5–137) | 122 (92.5–148.5) | 121 (93–145) | 101 (80.5–131.5) | p = 0.17 |
Triglycerides [mg/dL] | 118 (81–176) | 109 (73–138) | 106 (78–144) | 104 (73–169) | p = 0.16 |
Medication [%] | |||||
Beta blockers | 43.3 | 43.9 | 48.4 | 55.8 | p = 0.27 |
ACE inhibitors | 33.9 | 41.3 | 23.8 | 39.2 | p = 0.02 * |
Angiotensin II receptor antagonists | 31.5 | 26.1 | 41.8 | 30.8 | p = 0.054 |
Calcium channel antagonists | 26.0 | 19.6 | 33.6 | 25.8 | p = 0.09 |
Diuretics | 39.4 | 39.9 | 40.2 | 58.3 | p = 0.01 * |
Aldosterone antagonists | 2.4 | 0.0 | 3.3 | 10.8 | p < 0.001 * |
Other antihypertensive drugs | 10.2 | 13.0 | 12.3 | 21.8 | p = 0.049 * |
Glucocorticoids | 0.0 | 5.1 | 0.8 | 5.0 | p = 0.02 * |
Pulse wave velocity [m/s] | 8.3 ± 2.0 | 8.4 ± 1.9 | 8.7 ± 2.7 | 8.9 ± 2.9 | p = 0.03 * |
Mean 24 h systolic blood pressure [mm Hg] | 128.6 ± 13.2 | 127.5 ± 13.3 | 126.2 ± 12.8 | 127.8 ± 16.2 | p = 0.49 |
Mean 24 h diastolic blood pressure [mm Hg] | 78.6 ± 9.5 | 77.0 ± 8.9 | 76.4 ± 9.8 | 73.2 ± 9.1 | p < 0.001 * |
Mean 24 h heart rate [bpm] | 74.7 ± 9.8 | 71.2 ± 9.5 | 71.6 ± 10.4 | 70.1 ± 8.9 | p = 0.001 * |
Mean night systolic blood pressure [mm Hg] | 116.2 ± 17.4 | 116.7 ± 15.7 | 115.8 ± 13.7 | 118.2 ± 20.4 | p = 0.45 |
Mean night diastolic blood pressure [mm Hg] | 69.1 ± 9.4 | 68.0 ± 9.6 | 67.1 ± 8.1 | 66.2 ± 9.9 | p = 0.01 * |
Mean night heart rate [bpm] | 67.2 ± 9.5 | 64.2 ± 8.8 | 63.4 ± 10.0 | 63.8 ± 8.9 | p = 0.003 * |
Mean Systolic Dipping [%] | −12.8 ± 8.6 | −12.6 ± 8.7 | −11.5 ± 9.1 | −9.6 ± 9.9 | p = 0.003 * |
Mean Diastolic Dipping [%] | −16.5 ± 8.9 | −16.2 ± 9.0 | −15.2 ± 8.9 | −13.6 ± 9.7 | p = 0.008 * |
Bivariate Correlations | Homoarginine | ADMA | SDMA |
---|---|---|---|
Pulse wave velocity [m/s] | r = −0.09 p = 0.057 | r = −0.1 p = 0.83 | r = −0.01 p = 0.86 |
Mean 24 h systolic blood pressure [mm Hg] | r = 0.07 p = 0.11 | r = 0.02 p = 0.59 | r = 0.02 p = 0.61 |
Mean 24 h diastolic blood pressure [mm Hg] | r = 0.1 p = 0.02 * | r = −0.01 p = 0.86 | r = −0.02 p = 0.70 |
Mean 24 h heart rate [bpm] | r = 0.01 p = 0.89 | r = 0.002 p = 0.96 | r = −0.01 p = 0.89 |
Mean daytime systolic blood pressure [mm Hg] | r = 0.06 p = 0.18 | r = 0.03 p = 0.54 | r = −0.03 p = 0.56 |
Mean daytime diastolic blood pressure [mm Hg] | r = 0.07 p = 0.12 | r = −0.01 p = 0.91 | r = −0.02 p = 0.73 |
Mean night systolic blood pressure [mm Hg] | r = 0.02 p = 0.68 | r = 0.01 p = 0.85 | r = 0.01 p = 0.82 |
Mean night diastolic blood pressure [mm Hg] | r = 0.06 p = 0.19 | r = −0.01 p = 0.76 | r = −0.02 p = 0.67 |
Mean Systolic Dipping [%] | r = −0.05 p = 0.26 | r = −0.01 p = 0.75 | r = −0.01 p = 0.87 |
Mean Diastolic Dipping [%] | r = −0.03 p = 0.51 | r = −0.01 p = 0.78 | r = −0.01 p = 0.90 |
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Malle, O.; Trummer, C.; Theiler-Schwetz, V.; Meinitzer, A.; Keppel, M.H.; Grübler, M.R.; Tomaschitz, A.; Voelkl, J.; März, W.; Pilz, S. NO Synthesis Markers Are Not Significantly Associated with Blood Pressure and Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients with Arterial Hypertension: A Cross-Sectional Study. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 3895. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9123895
Malle O, Trummer C, Theiler-Schwetz V, Meinitzer A, Keppel MH, Grübler MR, Tomaschitz A, Voelkl J, März W, Pilz S. NO Synthesis Markers Are Not Significantly Associated with Blood Pressure and Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients with Arterial Hypertension: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(12):3895. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9123895
Chicago/Turabian StyleMalle, Oliver, Christian Trummer, Verena Theiler-Schwetz, Andreas Meinitzer, Martin H. Keppel, Martin R. Grübler, Andreas Tomaschitz, Jakob Voelkl, Winfried März, and Stefan Pilz. 2020. "NO Synthesis Markers Are Not Significantly Associated with Blood Pressure and Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients with Arterial Hypertension: A Cross-Sectional Study" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 12: 3895. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9123895