Cranio-Facial Characteristics in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Measurements
3. Statistical Methods
4. Results
5. Discussion
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Linear Measurements & Landmarks | Index Subnormal | Index Supernormal |
---|---|---|
Cephalic Index = eu-eu × 100/g-op | head narrow for its length | head wide for its length |
Facial Index = n-ng × 100/zy-zy | face short for its width | face long for its width |
Interchantal Index = en-en × 100/ex-ex | orbital hypotelorism | orbital hypertelorism |
Nasal Index = al-al × 100/n-sn | nose narrow for its height | nose wide for its height |
Facial-Mouth Width Index = ch-ch × 100/zy-zy | mouth narrow for face width | mouth wide for face width |
Demographic and Clinical Variables | Anthropometric Variables | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | z-score | Counts within Normal Range (%) | ||
Age in months | 91.5 ± 26.7 | Cephalic Index | 74.2 ± 5.1 | −0.51 ± 1.20 | 25 (75.8) |
CARS | 30.4 ± 5.3 | Facial Index | 83.9 ± 6.6 | −0.17 ± 1.32 | 23 (69.7) |
Global IQ | 59.9 ± 24.2 | Interchantal index | 38.7 ± 2.2 | 0.20 ± 1.04 | 30 (90.9) |
Verbal IQ | 50 ± 24.4 | Nasal Index | 72.5 ± 5.9 | 0.27 ± 0.91 | 30 (90.9) |
Non-verbal IQ | 70 ± 26.8 | Mouth-face Index | 36.7 ± 2.1 | −0.09 ± 0.90 | 31 (93.9) |
Age | CARS | Global IQ | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | p Value | r | p Value | R | p Value | |
Cephalic Index z-score | 0.330 | 0.061 | 0.316 | 0.073 | −0.232 | 0.195 |
Facial Index z-score | −0.062 | 0.731 | −0.506 | 0.003 | 0.349 | 0.047 |
Interchantal Index z-score | 0.143 | 0.427 | 0.385 | 0.028 | −0.122 | 0.499 |
Nasal Index z-score | −0.045 | 0.806 | −0.275 | 0.122 | 0.138 | 0.445 |
Mouth-face Index z-score | 0.001 | 0.997 | −0.029 | 0.872 | 0.075 | 0.680 |
Variable | Coef (SE) | t Value | p Value | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Facial Index z-score | CARS Global IQ | −0.125 (0.054) 0.000 (0.012) | −2.33 0.03 | 0.027 0.977 | (−0.234, −0.015) (−0.024, 0.024) |
Interchantal Index z-score | CARS Global IQ | 0.111 (0.044) 0.011 (0.010) | 2.51 1.17 | 0.018 0.250 | (0.021, 0.566) (−0.008, 0.031) |
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Tripi, G.; Roux, S.; Matranga, D.; Maniscalco, L.; Glorioso, P.; Bonnet-Brilhault, F.; Roccella, M. Cranio-Facial Characteristics in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 641. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8050641
Tripi G, Roux S, Matranga D, Maniscalco L, Glorioso P, Bonnet-Brilhault F, Roccella M. Cranio-Facial Characteristics in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2019; 8(5):641. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8050641
Chicago/Turabian StyleTripi, Gabriele, Sylvie Roux, Domenica Matranga, Laura Maniscalco, Pasqualino Glorioso, Frédérique Bonnet-Brilhault, and Michele Roccella. 2019. "Cranio-Facial Characteristics in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)" Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 5: 641. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8050641
APA StyleTripi, G., Roux, S., Matranga, D., Maniscalco, L., Glorioso, P., Bonnet-Brilhault, F., & Roccella, M. (2019). Cranio-Facial Characteristics in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(5), 641. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8050641