Who Are Dispensed the Bulk Amount of Prescription Opioids?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Prescription Opioid Dispensing in Australia
2.2. Dataset
2.3. Outcome and Exposure Variables for Regression Models
2.4. Analysis
2.5. Ethics Approval
3. Results
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | IRR | p | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||
Male | 1.00 | - | - |
Female | 1.13 | <0.01 | 1.09–1.18 |
Age | |||
0–19 | 1.00 | - | - |
20–44 | 1.44 | <0.01 | 1.29–1.60 |
45–64 | 1.93 | <0.01 | 1.74–2.15 |
65+ | 2.69 | <0.01 | 2.43–2.99 |
Year | |||
2013 | 1.00 | - | - |
2014 | 0.74 | <0.01 | 0.71–0.78 |
2015 | 0.63 | <0.01 | 0.60–0.66 |
2016 | 0.50 | <0.01 | 0.47–0.53 |
SEIFA | |||
Very high | 1.00 | - | - |
High | 1.17 | <0.01 | 1.10–1.26 |
Moderate | 1.19 | <0.01 | 1.10–1.28 |
Least | 1.22 | <0.01 | 1.13–1.32 |
State | |||
New South Wales | 1.00 | - | - |
Victoria | 1.01 | 0.76 | 0.96–1.06 |
Urbanization | |||
Urban | 1.00 | - | - |
Rural | 1.09 | 0.02 | 1.01–1.18 |
Variance (cov.) of random effect | <0.01 | ||
Constant | 1.57 | <0.01 | 1.39–1.76 |
lnalpha | −0.88 | - | −0.93 to −0.84 |
Level 2 (States) | 3.03 × 10−35 | - | - |
Level 3 (LGA) | 0.01 | - | 0.01–0.02 |
Variable | Coefficient | p | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|
Cancer prevalence | −0.0000243 | 0.01 | −0.001 to −4.5 × 10−6 |
Year | |||
2013 (reference) | |||
2014 | 0.03 | 0.15 | −0.01 to 0.07 |
2015 | 0.01 | 0.80 | −0.04 to 0.05 |
2016 | −0.09 | <0.01 | −0.14 to −0.05 |
SEIFA | |||
Very high (reference) | |||
High | 0.83 | <0.01 | 0.51 to 1.15 |
Moderate | 1.42 | <0.01 | 1.10 to 1.75 |
Least | 1.45 | <0.01 | 1.11 to 1.78 |
Urbanization | |||
Urban (reference) | |||
Rural | 0.18 | 0.21 | −0.10 to 0.46 |
Constant | 3.34 | <0.01 | 3.06 to 3.62 |
Random-effects parameters | |||
States (SD, Constant) | 5.58 × 10−13 | - | 2.06 × 10−26 to 15.19 |
LGA (SD, Constant) | 0.82 | - | 0.74 to 0.91 |
SD (Residual) | 0.23 | - | 0.22 to 0.25 |
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Islam, M.M.; Wollersheim, D. Who Are Dispensed the Bulk Amount of Prescription Opioids? J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 293. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8030293
Islam MM, Wollersheim D. Who Are Dispensed the Bulk Amount of Prescription Opioids? Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2019; 8(3):293. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8030293
Chicago/Turabian StyleIslam, M. Mofizul, and Dennis Wollersheim. 2019. "Who Are Dispensed the Bulk Amount of Prescription Opioids?" Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 3: 293. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8030293