Molecular Pattern and Density of Axons in the Long Head of the Biceps Tendon and the Superior Labrum
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Immunohistochemistry
2.2. Detection and Quantification of Neurofilament (NF)-Positive Cells
2.3. Statistical Methods
2.4. Ethics and Informed Consent
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Brockmeyer, M.; Tompkins, M.; Kohn, D.M.; Lorbach, O. SLAP lesions: A treatment algorithm. Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc. 2016, 24, 447–455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kibler, W.B.; Sciascia, A. Current Practice for the Surgical Treatment of SLAP Lesions: A Systematic Review. Arthroscopy 2016, 32, 669–683. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gorantla, K.; Gill, C.; Wright, R.W. The outcome of type II SLAP repair: A systematic review. Arthroscopy 2010, 26, 537–545. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Onyekwelu, I.; Khatib, O.; Zuckerman, J.D.; Rokito, A.S.; Kwon, Y.W. The rising incidence of arthroscopic superior labrum anterior and posterior (SLAP) repairs. J. Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2012, 21, 728–731. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Provencher, M.T.; McCormick, F.; Dewing, C.; McIntire, S.; Solomon, D. A prospective analysis of 179 type 2 superior labrum anterior and posterior repairs: Outcomes and factors associated with success and failure. Am. J. Sports Med. 2013, 41, 880–886. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Katz, L.M.; Hsu, S.; Miller, S.L.; Richmond, J.C.; Khetia, E.; Kohli, N.; Curtis, A.S. Poor outcomes after SLAP repair: Descriptive analysis and prognosis. Arthroscopy 2009, 25, 849–855. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Taylor, S.A.; Degen, R.M.; White, A.E.; McCarthy, M.M.; Gulotta, L.V.; O’Brien, S.J.; Werner, B.C. Risk Factors for Revision Surgery After Superior Labral Anterior-Posterior Repair: A National Perspective. Am. J. Sports Med. 2017, 45, 1640–1644. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Neuman, B.J.; Boisvert, C.B.; Reiter, B.; Lawson, K.; Ciccotti, M.G.; Cohen, S.B. Results of arthroscopic repair of type II superior labral anterior posterior lesions in overhead athletes: Assessment of return to preinjury playing level and satisfaction. Am. J. Sports Med. 2011, 39, 1883–1888. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boileau, P.; Parratte, S.; Chuinard, C.; Roussanne, Y.; Shia, D.; Bicknell, R. Arthroscopic treatment of isolated type II SLAP lesions: Biceps tenodesis as an alternative to reinsertion. Am. J. Sports Med. 2009, 37, 929–936. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brockmeier, S.F.; Voos, J.E.; Williams, R.J., III; Altchek, D.W.; Cordasco, F.A.; Allen, A.A.; Hospital for Special Surgery Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service. Outcomes after arthroscopic repair of type-II SLAP lesions. J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am. 2009, 91, 1595–1603. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Ek, E.T.; Shi, L.L.; Tompson, J.D.; Freehill, M.T.; Warner, J.J. Surgical treatment of isolated type II superior labrum anterior-posterior (SLAP) lesions: Repair versus biceps tenodesis. J. Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2014, 23, 1059–1065. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Edwards, S.L.; Lee, J.A.; Bell, J.E.; Packer, J.D.; Ahmad, C.S.; Levine, W.N.; Bigliani, L.U.; Blaine, T.A. Nonoperative treatment of superior labrum anterior posterior tears: Improvements in pain, function, and quality of life. Am. J. Sports Med. 2010, 38, 1456–1461. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jang, S.H.; Seo, J.G.; Jang, H.S.; Jung, J.E.; Kim, J.G. Predictive factors associated with failure of nonoperative treatment of superior labrum anterior-posterior tears. J. Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2016, 25, 428–434. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schroder, C.P.; Skare, O.; Reikeras, O.; Mowinckel, P.; Brox, J.I. Sham surgery versus labral repair or biceps tenodesis for type II SLAP lesions of the shoulder: A three-armed randomised clinical trial. Br. J. Sports Med. 2017, 51, 1759–1766. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lubowitz, J.H. Editorial Commentary: Lesions of the Superior Labrum From Anterior to Posterior (SLAP) Are a Slap in the Face to the Traditional Trinity of History, Examination, and Imaging. Arthroscopy 2015, 31, 2470–2471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Provencher, M.T. Editorial Commentary: The Not So Benign Nature of an Isolated SLAP Repair. Arthroscopy 2016, 32, 1963–1964. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Harris, J.D. Editorial Commentary: On Kibler & Sciascia: What Did the Five Fingers Say to the Face? SLAP. A Systematic Review Wake-Up Call to Improve SLAP Repair Guidelines. Arthroscopy 2016, 32, 684–685. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yung, P.S.; Fong, D.T.; Kong, M.F.; Lo, C.K.; Fung, K.Y.; Ho, E.P.; Chan, D.K.; Chan, K.M. Arthroscopic repair of isolated type II superior labrum anterior-posterior lesion. Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc. 2008, 16, 1151–1157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Boesmueller, S.; Mayerhofer, S.; Huf, W.; Fialka, C. Short-term clinical results after arthroscopic type II SLAP repair. Wiener Klin. Wochenschr. 2012, 124, 370–376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boesmueller, S.; Tiefenboeck, T.M.; Hofbauer, M.; Bukaty, A.; Oberleitner, G.; Huf, W.; Fialka, C. Progression of function and pain relief as indicators for returning to sports after arthroscopic isolated type II SLAP repair-a prospective study. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 2017, 18, 257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cohen, D.B.; Coleman, S.; Drakos, M.C.; Allen, A.A.; O’Brien, S.J.; Altchek, D.W.; Warren, R.F. Outcomes of isolated type II SLAP lesions treated with arthroscopic fixation using a bioabsorbable tack. Arthroscopy 2006, 22, 136–142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Weber, S.C.; Martin, D.F.; Seiler, J.G., III; Harrast, J.J. Superior labrum anterior and posterior lesions of the shoulder: Incidence rates, complications, and outcomes as reported by American Board of Orthopedic Surgery. Part II candidates. Am. J. Sports Med. 2012, 40, 1538–1543. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Alpantaki, K.; McLaughlin, D.; Karagogeos, D.; Hadjipavlou, A.; Kontakis, G. Sympathetic and sensory neural elements in the tendon of the long head of the biceps. J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am. 2005, 87, 1580–1583. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tosounidis, T.; Hadjileontis, C.; Triantafyllou, C.; Sidiropoulou, V.; Kafanas, A.; Kontakis, G. Evidence of sympathetic innervation and alpha1-adrenergic receptors of the long head of the biceps brachii tendon. J. Orthop. Sci. 2013, 18, 238–244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boesmueller, S.; Nogradi, A.; Heimel, P.; Albrecht, C.; Nurnberger, S.; Redl, H.; Fialka, C.; Mittermayr, R. Neurofilament distribution in the superior labrum and the long head of the biceps tendon. J. Orthop. Surg. Res. 2017, 12, 181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Arroyo, W.; Misenhimer, J.; Cotter, E.J.; Wang, K.C.; Heida, K.; Pallis, M.P.; Waterman, B.R. Effect of Anterior Anchor on Clinical Outcomes of Type II SLAP Repairs in an Active Population. Orthopedics 2018, 42, e32–e38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blumer, R.; Boesmueller, S.; Gesslbauer, B.; Hirtler, L.; Bormann, D.; Streicher, J.; Mittermayr, R. How to visualize the innervation pattern in tendons: A methodical guide. Ann. Anat. Anat. Anz. 2019, 225, 21–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gesslbauer, B.; Hruby, L.A.; Roche, A.D.; Farina, D.; Blumer, R.; Aszmann, O.C. Axonal components of nerves innervating the human arm. Ann. Neurol. 2017, 82, 396–408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Joseph, M.; Maresh, C.M.; McCarthy, M.B.; Kraemer, W.J.; Ledgard, F.; Arciero, C.L.; Anderson, J.M.; Nindl, B.C.; Mazzocca, A.D. Histological and molecular analysis of the biceps tendon long head post-tenotomy. J. Orthop. Res. 2009, 27, 1379–1385. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tosounidis, T.; Hadjileontis, C.; Georgiadis, M.; Kafanas, A.; Kontakis, G. The tendon of the long head of the biceps in complex proximal humerus fractures: A histological perspective. Injury 2010, 41, 273–278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Longo, U.G.; Franceschi, F.; Ruzzini, L.; Rabitti, C.; Morini, S.; Maffulli, N.; Denaro, V. Characteristics at haematoxylin and eosin staining of ruptures of the long head of the biceps tendon. Br. J. Sports Med. 2009, 43, 603–607. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Szabo, I.; Boileau, P.; Walch, G. The proximal biceps as a pain generator and results of tenotomy. Sports Med. Arthrosc. Rev. 2008, 16, 180–186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Curtis, A.S.; Snyder, S.J. Evaluation and treatment of biceps tendon pathology. Orthop. Clin. N. Am. 1993, 24, 33–43. [Google Scholar]
- Ljung, B.O.; Forsgren, S.; Friden, J. Sympathetic and sensory innervations are heterogeneously distributed in relation to the blood vessels at the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle origin of man. Cells Tissues Organs 1999, 165, 45–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ljung, B.O.; Forsgren, S.; Friden, J. Substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide expression at the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle origin: Implications for the etiology of tennis elbow. J. Orthop. Res. 1999, 17, 554–559. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tuoheti, Y.; Itoi, E.; Minagawa, H.; Yamamoto, N.; Saito, H.; Seki, N.; Okada, K.; Shimada, Y.; Abe, H. Attachment types of the long head of the biceps tendon to the glenoid labrum and their relationships with the glenohumeral ligaments. Arthroscopy 2005, 21, 1242–1249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Burkhart, S.S.; Morgan, C.D.; Kibler, W.B. The disabled throwing shoulder: Spectrum of pathology. Part II: Evaluation and treatment of SLAP lesions in throwers. Arthroscopy 2003, 19, 531–539. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nord, K.D.; Masterson, J.P.; Mauck, B.M. Superior labrum anterior posterior (SLAP) repair using the Neviaser portal. Arthroscopy 2004, 20 (Suppl. S2), 129–133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Walch, G.; Edwards, T.B.; Boulahia, A.; Nove-Josserand, L.; Neyton, L.; Szabo, I. Arthroscopic tenotomy of the long head of the biceps in the treatment of rotator cuff tears: Clinical and radiographic results of 307 cases. J. Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2005, 14, 238–246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ren, Y.M.; Duan, Y.H.; Sun, Y.B.; Yang, T.; Hou, W.Y.; Tian, M.Q. Is arthroscopic repair superior to biceps tenotomy and tenodesis for type II SLAP lesions? A meta-analysis of RCTs and observational studies. J. Orthop. Surg. Res. 2019, 14, 48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Frost, A.; Zafar, M.S.; Maffulli, N. Tenotomy versus tenodesis in the management of pathologic lesions of the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii. Am. J. Sports Med. 2009, 37, 828–833. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Longo, U.G.; Loppini, M.; Marineo, G.; Khan, W.S.; Maffulli, N.; Denaro, V. Tendinopathy of the tendon of the long head of the biceps. Sports Med. Arthrosc. Rev. 2011, 19, 321–332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Burkhart, S.S.; Morgan, C.D.; Kibler, W.B. The disabled throwing shoulder: Spectrum of pathology Part I: Pathoanatomy and biomechanics. Arthroscopy 2003, 19, 404–420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Baldini, T.; Snyder, R.L.; Peacher, G.; Bach, J.; McCarty, E. Strength of single- versus double-anchor repair of type II SLAP lesions: A cadaveric study. Arthroscopy 2009, 25, 1257–1260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Domb, B.G.; Ehteshami, J.R.; Shindle, M.K.; Gulotta, L.; Zoghi-Moghadam, M.; MacGillivray, J.D.; Altchek, D.W. Biomechanical comparison of 3 suture anchor configurations for repair of type II SLAP lesions. Arthroscopy 2007, 23, 135–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morgan, R.J.; Kuremsky, M.A.; Peindl, R.D.; Fleischli, J.E. A biomechanical comparison of two suture anchor configurations for the repair of type II SLAP lesions subjected to a peel-back mechanism of failure. Arthroscopy 2008, 24, 383–388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McCulloch, P.C.; Andrews, W.J.; Alexander, J.; Brekke, A.; Duwani, S.; Noble, P. The effect on external rotation of an anchor placed anterior to the biceps in type 2 SLAP repairs in a cadaveric throwing model. Arthroscopy 2013, 29, 18–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Boesmueller, S.; Blumer, R.; Gesslbauer, B.; Hirtler, L.; Fialka, C.; Mittermayr, R. Molecular Pattern and Density of Axons in the Long Head of the Biceps Tendon and the Superior Labrum. J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 2129. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8122129
Boesmueller S, Blumer R, Gesslbauer B, Hirtler L, Fialka C, Mittermayr R. Molecular Pattern and Density of Axons in the Long Head of the Biceps Tendon and the Superior Labrum. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2019; 8(12):2129. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8122129
Chicago/Turabian StyleBoesmueller, Sandra, Roland Blumer, Bernhard Gesslbauer, Lena Hirtler, Christian Fialka, and Rainer Mittermayr. 2019. "Molecular Pattern and Density of Axons in the Long Head of the Biceps Tendon and the Superior Labrum" Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 12: 2129. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8122129