Serum Zinc Level Classification System: Usefulness in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis
1
Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
2
Center for clinical research and education, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(12), 2057; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8122057
Received: 28 September 2019
/
Revised: 20 November 2019
/
Accepted: 21 November 2019
/
Published: 22 November 2019
(This article belongs to the Section Gastroenterology & Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine)
Abstract
:Currently, the Japanese society of clinical nutrition (JSCN) defines serum zinc (Zn) level < 60 μg/dL as Zn deficiency and 60 μg/dL ≤ serum Zn level < 80 μg/dL as subclinical Zn deficiency, and 80 μg/dL ≤ serum Zn level < 130 μg/dL as normal Zn range. We aimed to elucidate the prognostic impact of this Zn classification system in patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) compared to the Child–Pugh classification and the albumin–bilirubin (ALBI) grading system (n = 441, median age = 66 years). The Akaike information criterion (AIC) with each evaluation method was tested in order to compare the overall survival (OS). The median serum Zn level was 65 μg/dL. There were 56 patients with normal Zn level, 227 with subclinical Zn deficiency and 158 with Zn deficiency. OS was well stratified among three groups of serum Zn level (p < 0.0001). The AIC value for survival by the Zn classification system was the lowest among three prognostic models (AIC: 518.99 in the Child–Pugh classification, 502.411 in ALBI grade and 482.762 in the Zn classification system). Multivariate analyses of factors associated with OS revealed that serum Zn classification by JSCN was an independent factor. In conclusion, the serum Zn classification proposed by JSCN appears to be helpful for estimating prognosis in LC patients.
1. Introduction
Liver cirrhosis (LC) is a terminal form of chronic liver damage. It is often accompanied by several clinical manifestations including hepatic encephalopathy (HE), ascites, varices caused by portal hypertension or liver carcinogenesis, with all of them leading to dismal prognosis [1,2,3,4]. The Child–Pugh (C–P) classification system is popular among hepatologists for the evaluation of hepatic function in patients with LC [5]. However, the major limitation of this system is that it includes several subjective components (hepatic encephalopathy and ascites) and interrelated components (serum albumin and ascites) [5]. To overcome these obstacles, a simple grading system for the evaluation of hepatic function, called the albumin–bilirubin (ALBI) grade, which is calculated by only two serum markers (i.e., serum albumin level and total bilirubin level), has been recently reported [6]. The well predictability of the ALBI grading system has been confirmed in LC patients with or without hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14]. Recently, the modified ALBI grade using an additional cut-off value for the ALBI score has been reported as a useful predictor for patients with HCC [15].
Zinc (Zn) is an essential trace element for normal cell development, proliferation and differentiation, and its deficiency can cause abnormal taste, dermatitis, hair loss, anemia, stomatitis, male sexual dysfunction, susceptibility to infection, and osteoporosis [16,17,18,19]. Zn is widely distributed in the human body and the most abundant Zn is in muscle (60%), followed by bone (20–30%), skin and hair (8%), and liver (4–6%) [20]. In many patients with LC, diabetes, chronic inflammatory bowel diseases, and chronic kidney diseases, serum Zn levels have been reduced, indicating that they are in a state of Zn deficiency [19,21,22,23]. Hypozincemia (serum Zn level <55 μg/dL) has been linked to liver carcinogenesis in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related LC [24]. Oral Zn supplementation therapy can ameliorate LC-related HE [19,25]. Serum Zn level can also be associated with sarcopenia as defined by muscle mass decline and muscle strength decline in chronic liver diseases [18].
Currently, the Japanese society of clinical nutrition (JSCN) defines serum Zn level < 60 μg/dL as Zn deficiency and 60 μg/dL ≤ serum Zn level < 80 μg/dL as subclinical Zn deficiency, and 80 μg/dL ≤ serum Zn level < 130 μg/dL as normal Zn range (http://www.jscn.gr.jp/pdf/aen20180402.pdf). However, the prognostic impact of this classification system for serum Zn level in patients with LC remains unclear. Additionally, the relationship between this classification system and clinical markers have not been fully examined in patients with LC. In this study, we attempted to clarify these important research problems.
2. Patients and Methods
2.1. Patients
Five hundred and sixty-eight LC individuals for whom data on baseline serum Zn level were available were admitted to our institution between October 2005 and June 2018. Twenty-eight patients unfollowable within one year were excluded from the analysis. In the remaining 540 patients, 99 patients with the confirmation of HCC on imaging findings at baseline or those with a past history for HCC were excluded. A total of 441 LC subjects were thus analyzed in this analysis.
In the observation period, blood tests and radiological tests for the purpose of detecting HCC occurrence or LC-related complications were performed every 3 to 6 month interval. Determination of LC was based on pathological data, imaging findings such as presence of splenomegaly or varices and/or laboratory data such as hypoalbuminemia or prolongation of prothrombin time (PT) [26,27,28]. There were 261 patients (59.2%) with histologically proven LC. When serum albumin level decreased to less than 3.5 g/dL during the follow-up period, nutritional therapies such as branched-chain amino acid therapies were in consideration [29,30]. In cases with HCV or hepatitis B virus (HBV), antiviral treatments (i.e., direct acting antivirals (DAAs), interferon-based therapies or nucleoside analogues (NAs)) were also in consideration [29]. In cases with hypozincemia (serum Zn level <60 μg/dL in our hospital), we considered Zn supplementation therapy such as polaprezinc or Zn acetate hydrate according to the recommendations of the manufacturer. Principally, diagnosis and treatment strategies for HCC were determined based on the current standard guidelines [31,32].
2.2. ALBI Score and ALBI Grade
The calculation of the ALBI score was: ALBI score = (log 10 total bilirubin [μmol/L] × 0.66) + (serum albumin [g/L] × –0.085), while the classification of the ALBI grade was: ALBI score ≤ –2.60 = grade 1, –2.60< ALBI score ≤ –1.39 = grade 2 and ALBI score > –1.39 = grade 3 [6].
2.3. Serum Zn Classification and Our Study
Our current study was a retrospective observational study. Patients with 80 μg/dL ≤ serum Zn level <130 μg/dL were defined as group A (normal serum Zn level), those with 60 μg/dL ≤ serum Zn level < 80 μg/dl as group B (subclinical Zn deficiency) and those with serum Zn level < 60 μg/dL as group C (Zn deficiency). We retrospectively investigated the relationship between serum Zn level and baseline data, and the impact of serum Zn classification on survival compared with the C–P classification or the ALBI grading system. In addition, factors associated with overall survival (OS) were studied in the univariate and multivariate analyses.
This study protocol was in compliance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, and was approved by the institutional review board in the Hyogo college of medicine (approval no. 2082). All personal information was protected during data collection.
2.4. Statistical Analyses
In continuous variables, the statistical comparison among groups was performed by Student’s t test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), Mann–Whitney U test, Kruskal–Wallis test or Pearson’s correlation r, as appropriate. In the univariate analyses of factors associated with OS, the median value for each parameter was selected in order to divide the study population into two groups, which was then treated as nominal variables in the univariate analysis. Parameters with p < 0.01 in the univariate analysis were entered into the multivariate Cox hazard model. We made survival curves by the Kaplan–Meier method and compared them in the log-rank test. The Akaike information criterion (AIC) with each evaluation method was calculated in order to compare the OS. A lower AIC value suggests better prognostic ability. Data were presented as the median value with interquartile range (IQR). The significance level in the analysis was p < 0.05 using the statistical analysis software (JMP 14 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA)).
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characteristics
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the analyzed subjects (n = 441) were demonstrated in Table 1. The study cohort included 239 males and 202 females with the median age (IQR) of 66 (59.5, 72.5) years. The median (IQR) follow-up duration was 4.4 years (3.1, 7.5 years). The median (IQR) serum Zn level was 65 μg/dL (54, 74.4 μg/dL). There were 56 patients (12.7%) in group A, 227 patients (51.5%) in group B and 158 patients (35.8%) in group C. With regard to the C–P classification and liver disease etiologies, patients were predominantly C–P A (317/441, 71.9%) and HCV (253/441, 57.4%). The median (IQR) serum Zn level in patients with C–P A, B and C was 69 μg/dL (61, 76 μg/dL), 54 μg/dL (43.5, 64.45 μg/dL) and 41.1 μg/dL (35.5, 48.2 μg/dL) (p values: p < 0.0001 in C–P A vs. B, p = 0.0007 in C–P B vs. C and p < 0.0001 in C–P A vs. C; overall p value < 0.0001) (Figure 1). There were 134 patients (30.4%) with ALBI grade 1, 276 patients (62.6%) with ALBI grade 2 and 31 patients (7.0%) with ALBI grade 3. The proportion of patients with Child–Pugh classification A, B and C was well stratified among groups A, B and C (p values: p = 0.2853 in group A vs. B, p< 0.0001 in group B vs. C and p < 0.0001 in group A vs. C; overall p value <0.0001) (Figure 2A). Likewise, the proportion of patients with ALBI grade 1, 2 and 3 was well stratified among groups A, B and C (p values: p = 0.0196 in group A vs. B, p< 0.0001 in group B vs. C and p < 0.0001 in group A vs. C; overall p value < 0.0001) (Figure 2B).
3.2. Cumulative OS Rates According to Serum Zn Level Classification
OS was our primary outcome measure. The 3, 5, 7 and 10 year cumulative OS rates were 100%, 94.57%, 87.29% and 87.29%, respectively, in patients in group A, 90.93%, 80.63%, 77.81% and 64.33%, respectively, in patients in group B, and 72.97%, 56.66%, 46.42% and 25.48%, respectively, in patients in group C (p values: p = 0.0338 in group A vs. B, p < 0.0001 in group B vs. C and p < 0.0001 in group A vs. C; overall p value < 0.0001) (Figure 3).
3.3. Comparison of Prognostic Impact among C–P Classification, ALBI Grade and Zn Classification System
We compared predictive accuracy among three prognostic models for all cases. OS was well stratified by the C–P classification, ALBI grade and Zn classification system (p values, all <0.0001). The AIC value for survival by the Zn classification system was the lowest among three prognostic models (AIC: 518.99 in the C–P classification, 502.411 in ALBI grade and 482.762 in the Zn classification system) (Figure 3 and Figure 4).
3.4. Causes of Death According to Serum Zn Level Classification
In group A, during the observation period, three deaths (5.4%) were observed. The causes and number of deaths included hepatic failure in two patients and advanced HCC status in one patient. In group B, during the observation period, 49 deaths (21.6%) were observed. The causes and number of deaths included hepatic failure in 31 patients, advanced HCC status in seven patients and other causes in 11 patients. In group C, during the observation period, 89 deaths (56.3%) were observed. The causes and number of deaths included hepatic failure in 62 patients, advanced HCC status in 18 patients and other causes in nine patients.
3.5. Serum Ammonia Level According to Serum Zn Level Classification
The median (IQR) serum ammonia level in patients in group A, B and C was 33 μg/dL (26, 45 μg/dL), 38 μg/dL (26, 53 μg/dL) and 54.5 μg/dL (35, 82.75 μg/dL) (p values: p = 0.1795 in group A vs. B, p < 0.0001 in group B vs. C and p < 0.0001 in group A vs. C; overall p value < 0.0001) (Figure 5A).
3.6. FIB-4 Index According to Serum Zn Level Classification
The median (IQR) serum FIB-4 index in patients in group A, B and C was 3.63 (2.0975, 5.7625), 4.47 (2.7, 6.79) and 6.745 (4.2675, 9.9475) (p values: p = 0.0221 in group A vs. B, p < 0.0001 in group B vs. C and p < 0.0001 in group A vs. C; overall p value <0.0001) (Figure 5B).
3.7. Branched-Chain Amino Acid to Tyrosine Ratio (BTR) Value According to Serum Zn Level Classification
The median (IQR) serum BTR value in patients in group A, B and C was 5.665 (4.1175, 6.715), 4.45 (3.605, 5.45) and 3.415 (2.7, 4.3225) (p values: p = 0.0002 in group A vs. B, p < 0.0001 in group B vs. C and p < 0.0001 in group A vs. C; overall p value < 0.0001) (Figure 5C).
3.8. Correlation between Serum Zn Level and Baseline Data
The correlation coefficient between serum Zn level and baseline data was shown in Table 2. Serum albumin had the strongest positive correlation with serum Zn level (r = 0.62, p < 0.0001), while the ALBI score had the strongest negative correlation with serum Zn level (r = −0.62, p < 0.0001) (Figure 6A,B).
3.9. Uni- and Multivariate Analyses of Factors Linked to OS
The univariate analysis of factors linked to OS observed twelve factors with p < 0.01: age ≥66 years (p = 0.0010), the C–P classification (p < 0.0001), serum albumin level ≥3.7 g/dL (p < 0.0001), ALBI grade (p < 0.0001), MELD score ≥4.87 (p = 0.0003), PT ≥76.9% (p = 0.0002), platelet count ≥9.7 × 104/mm3 (p = 0.0065), serum creatinine level ≥0.67 mg/dL (p = 0.0010), serum sodium level ≥140 mmol/L (p = 0.0070), serum Zn classification system (p < 0.0001), serum ammonia ≥40 μg/dL (p < 0.0001) and FIB-4 index ≥ 5.09 (p < 0.0001) (Table 3). Of these twelve factors, age, serum albumin, PT, serum creatinine and platelet count were not included in the multivariate analysis because age and platelet count are included in the FIB-4 index, and serum albumin and PT are included in the C–P classification or ALBI grade, and serum creatinine was included in the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score. Multivariate analysis for the remaining seven factors showed that serum ammonia ≥40 μg/dL (p < 0.0001), ALBI grade 3 (p = 0.0026, ALBI grade 1 as a reference), group B in the serum Zn classification system (p < 0.0001, group A as a reference) and group C in the serum Zn classification system (p < 0.0001, group A as a reference) were significant factors associated with OS (Table 4). Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for these items are shown in Table 4.
4. Discussion
As mentioned earlier, JSCN defines serum Zn level < 60 μg/dL as Zn deficiency, 60 μg/dL ≤ serum Zn level < 80 μg/dL as subclinical Zn deficiency, and 80 μg/dL ≤ serum Zn level < 130 μg/dL as normal Zn range. However, the predictability of this classification system in LC patients has not been fully elucidated, which prompted us to perform the current analysis. In our results, in terms of OS, the AIC value of serum Zn classification by JSCN was the lowest among three assessment methods, and in the multivariate analyses of factors linked to OS, serum Zn classification by JSCN was an independent factor. Additionally, the C–P classification, ALBI grade, serum ammonia level, FIB-4 index and BTR were well stratified by this classification system. These results denoted that the serum Zn classification by JSCN can be useful for predicting clinical outcomes, hepatic function or ammonia clearance in LC patients. Kaplan–Meier curves demonstrated that maintaining serum Zn level >80 μg/dl may be ideal for the management of LC patients. In our data, 158 patients (35.8%) had Zn deficiency (serum Zn level < 60 μg/dL) at baseline and serum Zn level had the strong positive correlation with serum albumin level (r = 0.62, p < 0.0001), which were in agreement with previous data [33]. Possible causes for Zn deficiency in LC patients include disturbed Zn absorption from the digestive tract and increased Zn excretion in the urine [19,34]. In LC patients with Zn deficiency, Zn supplementation therapy may be beneficial, although investigation of the impact of Zn supplementation therapy on outcomes in LC patients was beyond the scope of this study. Serum Zn level was also well stratified among Child–Pugh A, B and C groups in the current analysis. Child–Pugh B or C patients have a higher prevalence of malnutrition compared with Child–Pugh A patients [1,2,3]. Thus, serum Zn level can be a surrogate marker for poor nutritional status in LC patients.
Notably, the ALBI score had the strongest negative correlation with serum Zn level (r = −0.62, p < 0.0001) among baseline parameters in the current analysis. Recently, the ALBI grading system has been gaining popularity because of its convenience of use in clinical settings [35,36]. Close monitoring for serum Zn level may be required. While in the multivariate analysis, serum ammonia level was an independent predictor for OS. Hyperammonemia caused by advanced LC status can lead to hypermyostatinemia (myostatin is a negative regulator of muscle mass synthesis), and subsequent serious complications including sarcopenia, which may be linked to adverse outcomes [37,38]. Serum ammonia lowering therapy may thus be essential for LC patients. Zn is involved in the function of urea cycle of the liver, and Zn deficiency causes hyperammonemia through impaired ammonia metabolic capacity due to the dysfunction of the urea cycle [33]. The significant negative correlation between serum Zn level and serum ammonia level was noted (r = −0.34, p < 0.0001) in our results.
Recently, the introduction of oral DAA agents has dramatically improved sustained virological response (SVR) rates in HCV therapy, providing SVR rates over 95% with shorter HCV treatment duration and a good safety profile [39,40]. In addition, several NAs for HBV-related LC patients are currently available with a favorable therapeutic response [41]. In group A, the 3 year OS rate was 100%. One possible reason for these results was that there were a lot of HCV-related LC or HBV-related LC patients with favorable treatment response for antiviral therapies during the follow-up period, which may be linked to the high survival rate in group A. On the other hand, the mechanism for the serum zinc level decline in HCV-related LC is presumed to involve the non-structural proteins (NS)3 and NS5A of HCV [41,42]. NS3 is a Zn-containing enzyme, and NS5A is a Zn metalloprotein [42,43]. In this study, 147 LC patients (58.1%) achieved SVR during the follow-up period. Elevated serum albumin level and serum Zn level can be found in HCV patients with SVR [44]. Nevertheless, the serum Zn classification system had the lowest AIC among three assessment methods in our HCV patients (AIC: 281.598 in the C–P classification, 270.884 in the ALBI grade and 240.175 in the Zn classification system, not shown in the results section), denoting the robustness of the serum Zn classification system by JSCN.
We must acknowledge several limitations in the present study. Firstly, this is a single center observational study with a retrospective study design and the usefulness of the serum Zn classification should be verified in other independent cohorts. Secondly, the number of our C–P C patients was pretty small compared to that of C–P A or B patients, thus creating bias. Thirdly, our study population was limited to LC patients without HCC; whether the serum Zn classification could be extrapolated to HCC patients or non-LC patients needs future research. Fourthly, Zn supplementation therapy or other nutritional therapy during the follow-up period were not included in this analysis. Caution must be therefore taken in the interpretation of our data. However, our study results suggest that the serum Zn classification by JSCN can be a useful grading system in LC patients.
5. Conclusions
In conclusion, the serum Zn classification proposed by JSCN appears to be helpful for estimating prognosis in LC patients.
Author Contributions
Data curation, H.N., H.E., K.Y., Y.I., Y.S., K.K., N.I. (Naoto Ikeda), T.T., N.A., R.T., K.H., N.I. (Noriko Ishii), Y.Y., T.N. and H.I.; Formal analysis, H.N.; Supervision, S.N.; Writing—original draft, H.N.; Writing—review and editing, H.E. and S.N.
Funding
This work was partly granted by Hyogo Innovative Challenge, Hyogo college of medicine, Japan.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank all medical staff in our hospital for their support.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
- Tsochatzis, E.A.; Bosch, J.; Burroughs, A.K. Liver cirrhosis. Lancet 2014, 383, 1749–1761. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thandassery, R.B.; Montano-Loza, A.J. Role of Nutrition and Muscle in Cirrhosis. Curr. Treat. Options Gastroenterol. 2016, 14, 257–273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gunsar, F.; Raimondo, M.L.; Jones, S.; Terreni, N.; Wong, C.; Patch, D.; Sabin, C.; Burroughs, A.K. Nutritional status and prognosis in cirrhotic patients. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2006, 24, 563–572. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Osaki, Y.; Nishikawa, H. Treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan over the last three decades: Our experience and published work review. Hepatol. Res. 2015, 45, 59–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pugh, R.N.; Murray-Lyon, I.M.; Dawson, J.L.; Pietroni, M.C.; Williams, R. Transection of the oesophagus for bleeding oesophageal varices. Br. J. Surg. 1973, 60, 646–649. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Johnson, P.J.; Berhane, S.; Kagebayashi, C.; Satomura, S.; Teng, M.; Reeves, H.L.; O’Beirne, J.; Fox, R.; Skowronska, A.; Palmer, D.; et al. Assessment of liver function in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: A new evidence-based approach-the ALBI grade. J. Clin. Oncol. 2015, 33, 550–558. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Y.Y.; Zhong, J.H.; Su, Z.Y.; Huang, J.F.; Lu, S.D.; Xiang, B.D.; Ma, L.; Qi, L.N.; Ou, B.N.; Li, L.Q. Albumin-bilirubin versus Child-Pugh score as a predictor of outcome after liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Br. J. Surg. 2016, 103, 725–734. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Toyoda, H.; Lai, P.B.; O’Beirne, J.; Chong, C.C.; Berhane, S.; Reeves, H.; Manas, D.; Fox, R.P.; Yeo, W.; Mo, F.; et al. Long-term impact of liver function on curative therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: Application of the ALBI grade. Br. J. Cancer 2016, 114, 744–750. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hiraoka, A.; Kumada, T.; Michitaka, K.; Toyoda, H.; Tada, T.; Ueki, H.; Kaneto, M.; Aibiki, T.; Okudaira, T.; Kawakami, T.; et al. Usefulness of albumin-bilirubin grade for evaluation of prognosis of 2584 Japanese patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2016, 31, 1031–1036. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Edeline, J.; Blanc, J.F.; Johnson, P.; Campillo-Gimenez, B.; Ross, P.; Ma, Y.T.; King, J.; Hubner, R.A.; Sumpter, K.; Darby, S.; et al. A multicentre comparison between Child Pugh and Albumin-Bilirubin scores in patients treated with sorafenib for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Liver Int. 2016, 36, 1821–1828. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fujita, K.; Oura, K.; Yoneyama, H.; Ting, T.S.; Takuma, K.; Nakahara, M.; Tadokoro, T.; Nomura, T.; Morishita, A.; Tsutsui, K.; et al. Albumin-bilirubin score indicates liver fibrosis staging and prognosis in chronic hepatitis C patients. Hepatol. Res. 2019, 49, 731–742. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, J.; Zhang, Z.; Yan, X.; Li, M.; Xia, J.; Liu, Y.; Chen, Y.; Jia, B.; Zhu, L.; Zhu, C.; et al. Albumin-Bilirubin (ALBI) as an accurate and simple prognostic score for chronic hepatitis B-related liver cirrhosis. Dig. Liver Dis. 2019, 51, 1172–1178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hsieh, Y.C.; Lee, K.C.; Wang, Y.W.; Yang, Y.Y.; Hou, M.C.; Huo, T.I.; Lin, H.C. Correlation and prognostic accuracy between noninvasive liver fibrosismarkers and portal pressure in cirrhosis: Role of ALBI score. PLoS ONE 2018, 13, e0208903. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nishikawa, H.; Enomoto, H.; Yoh, K.; Iwata, Y.; Sakai, Y.; Kishino, K.; Ikeda, N.; Takashima, T.; Aizawa, N.; Takata, R.; et al. Association between Sarcopenia and Depression in Patients with Chronic Liver Diseases. J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 634. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hiraoka, A.; Kumada, T.; Tsuji, K.; Takaguchi, K.; Itobayashi, E.; Kariyama, K.; Ochi, H.; Tajiri, K.; Hirooka, M.; Shimada, N.; et al. Validation of Modified ALBI Grade for More Detailed Assessment of Hepatic Function in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients: A Multicenter Analysis. Liver Cancer 2019, 8, 121–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grüngreiff, K. Zinc in liver disease. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 2002, 15, 67–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alker, W.; Haase, H. Zinc and Sepsis. Nutrients 2018, 10, 976. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nishikawa, H.; Enomoto, H.; Yoh, K.; Iwata, Y.; Sakai, Y.; Kishino, K.; Ikeda, N.; Takashima, T.; Aizawa, N.; Takata, R.; et al. Serum Zinc Concentration and Sarcopenia: A Close Linkage in Chronic Liver Diseases. J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stamoulis, I.; Kouraklis, G.; Theocharis, S. Zinc and the liver: An active interaction. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2007, 52, 1595–1612. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wastney, M.E.; Aamodt, R.L.; Rumble, W.F.; Henkin, R.I. Kinetic analysis of zinc metabolism and its regulation in normal humans. Am. J. Physiol. 1986, 251, R398–R408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Livingstone, C. Zinc: Physiology, deficiency, and parenteral nutrition. Nutr. Clin. Pract. 2015, 30, 371–382. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Prasad, A.S. Discovery of human zinc deficiency: Its impact on human health and disease. Adv. Nutr. 2013, 4, 176–190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Farooq, M. Zinc Deficiency is Associated with Poor Glycemic Control. J. Coll. Physicians Surg. Pak. 2019, 29, 253–257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shigefuku, R.; Iwasa, M.; Katayama, K.; Eguchi, A.; Kawaguchi, T.; Shiraishi, K.; Ito, T.; Suzuki, K.; Koreeda, C.; Ohtake, T.; et al. Hypozincemia is associated with human hepatocarcinogenesis in hepatitis C virus-related liver cirrhosis. Hepatol. Res. 2019, 49, 1127–1135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chavez-Tapia, N.C.; Cesar-Arce, A.; Barrientos-Gutiérrez, T.; Villegas-López, F.A.; Méndez-Sanchez, N.; Uribe, M. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the use of oral zinc in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. Nutr. J. 2013, 12, 74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kudo, M.; Zheng, R.Q.; Kim, S.R.; Okabe, Y.; Osaki, Y.; Iijima, H.; Itani, T.; Kasugai, H.; Kanematsu, M.; Ito, K.; et al. Diagnostic accuracy of imaging for liver cirrhosis compared to histologically proven liver cirrhosis. A multicenter collaborative study. Intervirology 2008, 51, 17–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zarski, J.P.; Sturm, N.; Guechot, J.; Paris, A.; Zafrani, E.S.; Asselah, T.; Boisson, R.C.; Bosson, J.L.; Guyader, D.; Renversez, J.C.; et al. Comparison of nine blood tests and transient elastography for liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C: The ANRS HCEP-23 study. J. Hepatol. 2012, 56, 55–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tsochatzis, E.A.; Gurusamy, K.S.; Ntaoula, S.; Cholongitas, E.; Davidson, B.R.; Burroughs, A.K. Elastography for the diagnosis of severity of fibrosis in chronic liver disease: A meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy. J. Hepatol. 2011, 54, 650–659. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kumada, H.; Okanoue, T.; Onji, M.; Moriwaki, H.; Izumi, N.; Tanaka, E.; Chayama, K.; Sakisaka, S.; Takehara, T.; Oketani, M.; et al. Study Group for the Standardization of Treatment of Viral Hepatitis Including Cirrhosis, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan. Guidelines for the treatment of chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis due to hepatitis C virus infection for the fiscal year 2008 in Japan. Hepatol. Res. 2010, 40, 8–13. [Google Scholar]
- Kappus, M.R.; Mendoza, M.S.; Nguyen, D.; Medici, V.; McClave, S.A. Sarcopenia in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease: Can It Be Altered by Diet and Exercise? Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep. 2016, 18, 43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kokudo, N.; Hasegawa, K.; Akahane, M.; Igaki, H.; Izumi, N.; Ichida, T.; Uemoto, S.; Kaneko, S.; Kawasaki, S.; Ku, Y.; et al. Evidence-based Clinical Practice Guidelines for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: The Japan Society of Hepatology 2013 update (3rd JSH-HCC Guidelines). Hepatol Res. 2015, 45, 12464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Omata, M.; Cheng, A.L.; Kokudo, N.; Kudo, M.; Lee, J.M.; Jia, J.; Tateishi, R.; Han, K.H.; Chawla, Y.K.; Shiina, S.; et al. Asia-Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: A 2017 update. Hepatol. Int. 2017, 11, 317–370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Katayama, K.; Kawaguchi, T.; Shiraishi, K.; Ito, T.; Suzuki, K.; Koreeda, C.; Ohtake, T.; Iwasa, M.; Tokumoto, Y.; Endo, R.; et al. The Prevalence and Implication of Zinc Deficiency in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease. J. Clin. Med. Res. 2018, 10, 437–444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Grungreiff, K.; Reinhold, D.; Wedemeyer, H. The role of zinc in liver cirrhosis. Ann. Hepatol. 2016, 15, 7–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tada, T.; Kumada, T.; Toyoda, H.; Tsuji, K.; Hiraoka, A.; Michitaka, K.; Deguchi, A.; Ishikawa, T.; Imai, M.; Ochi, H.; et al. Impact of albumin-bilirubin grade on survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who received sorafenib: An analysis using time-dependent receiver operating characteristic. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2019, 34, 1066–1073. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ueshima, K.; Nishida, N.; Hagiwara, S.; Aoki, T.; Minami, T.; Chishina, H.; Takita, M.; Minami, Y.; Ida, H.; Takenaka, M.; et al. Impact of Baseline ALBI Grade on the Outcomes of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients Treated with Lenvatinib: A Multicenter Study. Cancers 2019, 11, 952. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Nishikawa, H.; Enomoto, H.; Ishii, A.; Iwata, Y.; Miyamoto, Y.; Ishii, N.; Yuri, Y.; Hasegawa, K.; Nakano, C.; Nishimura, T.; et al. Elevated serum myostatin level is associated with worse survival in patients with liver cirrhosis. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2017, 8, 915–925. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nishikawa, H.; Shiraki, M.; Hiramatsu, A.; Moriya, K.; Hino, K.; Nishiguchi, S. Japan Society of Hepatology guidelines for sarcopenia in liver disease (1st edition): Recommendation from the working group for creation of sarcopenia assessment criteria. Hepatol. Res. 2016, 46, 951–963. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ioannou, G.N.; Feld, J.J. What Are the Benefits of a Sustained Virologic Response to Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapy for Hepatitis C Virus Infection? Gastroenterology 2019, 156, 446–460.e2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pradat, P.; Virlogeux, V.; Trépo, E. Epidemiology and Elimination of HCV-Related Liver Disease. Viruses 2018, 10, 545. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Tong, M.J.; Pan, C.Q.; Han, S.B.; Lu, D.S.; Raman, S.; Hu, K.Q.; Lim, J.K.; Hann, H.W.; Min, A.D. An expert consensus for the management of chronic hepatitis B in Asian Americans. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2018, 47, 1181–1200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Stempniak, M.; Hostomska, Z.; Nodes, B.R.; Hostomsky, Z. The NS3 proteinase domain of hepatitis C virus is a zinccontaining enzyme. J. Virol. 1997, 71, 2881–2886. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Tellinghuisen, T.L.; Marcotrigiano, J.; Gorbalenya, A.E.; Rice, C.M. The NS5A protein of hepatitis C virus is a zinc metalloprotein. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279, 48576–48587. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Suda, T.; Okawa, O.; Shirahashi, R.; Tokutomi, N.; Tamano, M. Changes in serum zinc levels in hepatitis C patients before and after treatment with direct-acting antiviral agents. Hepatol. Res. 2019, 13409. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Figure 1.
Serum Zn level according to the Child–Pugh classification.
Figure 2.
The number and distribution of the Child–Pugh classification in groups A, B and C (A) and ALBI grade in groups A, B and C (B). Patients with 80 μg/dL ≤ serum Zn level <130 μg/dL were defined as group A (normal serum Zn level), those with 60 μg/dL ≤ serum Zn level < 80 μg/dL as group B (subclinical Zn deficiency) and those with serum Zn level < 60 μg/dL as group C (Zn deficiency).
Figure 2.
The number and distribution of the Child–Pugh classification in groups A, B and C (A) and ALBI grade in groups A, B and C (B). Patients with 80 μg/dL ≤ serum Zn level <130 μg/dL were defined as group A (normal serum Zn level), those with 60 μg/dL ≤ serum Zn level < 80 μg/dL as group B (subclinical Zn deficiency) and those with serum Zn level < 60 μg/dL as group C (Zn deficiency).
Figure 3.
Cumulative overall survival according to the serum Zn classification proposed by the Japanese society of clinical nutrition. AIC, Akaike information criterion.
Figure 3.
Cumulative overall survival according to the serum Zn classification proposed by the Japanese society of clinical nutrition. AIC, Akaike information criterion.
Figure 4.
Cumulative overall survival according to the Child–Pugh classification (A) and ALBI grade (B). ALBI, albumin–bilirubin.
Figure 4.
Cumulative overall survival according to the Child–Pugh classification (A) and ALBI grade (B). ALBI, albumin–bilirubin.
Figure 5.
(A) Serum ammonia level according to the serum Zn classification proposed by the Japanese society of clinical nutrition. (B) The FIB-4 index according to the serum Zn classification proposed by the Japanese society of clinical nutrition. (C) Branched-chain amino acid to tyrosine ratio (BTR) according to the serum Zn classification proposed by the Japanese society of clinical nutrition. BTR, Branched-chain amino acid to tyrosine ratio.
Figure 5.
(A) Serum ammonia level according to the serum Zn classification proposed by the Japanese society of clinical nutrition. (B) The FIB-4 index according to the serum Zn classification proposed by the Japanese society of clinical nutrition. (C) Branched-chain amino acid to tyrosine ratio (BTR) according to the serum Zn classification proposed by the Japanese society of clinical nutrition. BTR, Branched-chain amino acid to tyrosine ratio.
Figure 6.
Correlation between serum Zn level and serum albumin level (A) and ALBI score (B).
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics (n = 441).
| Variables | All Cases (n = 441) |
|---|---|
| Age (years) | 66 (59.5, 72.5) |
| Gender, male/female | 239 (54.2)/202 (45.8) |
| Cause of liver disease, HBV/HCV/others | 46 (10.4)/253 (57.4)/142 (32.2) |
| Child–Pugh classification, A/B/C | 317 (71.9)/109 (24.7)/15 (3.4) |
| MELD score | 4.87 (2.20, 7.36) |
| Ascites, yes/no | 59 (13.4)/382 (86.6) |
| Hepatic encephalopathy, yes/no | 6 (1.4)/435 (98.6) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.1 (20.5, 25.7) |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) |
| Serum albumin (g/dL) | 3.7 (3.2, 4.05) |
| ALBI score | −2.31 (−2.67, −1.92) |
| ALBI grade, 1/2/3 | 134 (30.4)/276 (62.6)/31 (7.0) |
| Prothrombin time (%) | 76.9 (66.0, 86.3) |
| Platelet count (×104/mm3) | 9.7 (6.9, 13.6) |
| AST (IU/l) | 39 (27, 60) |
| ALT (IU/l) | 30.5 (20, 49) |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 151.5 (129.25, 177) |
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 102 (92.25, 118) |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.67 (0.57, 0.79) |
| Serum sodium (mmol/L) | 140 (138, 141) |
| Serum Zn level (μg/dL) | 65 (54, 74.4) |
| Serum Zn level classification, <130, ≥80 μg/dL/<80, ≥60 μg/dL/<60 μg/dL | 56 (12.7)/227 (51.5)/158 (35.8) |
| Branched-chain amino acid to tyrosine ratio | 4.13 (3.235, 5.375) |
| Serum ammonia (µg/dL) | 40 (29, 62) |
| FIB-4 index | 5.09 (3.18, 7.77) |
Data are expressed as number (%) or median value (interquartile range). HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; MELD, model for end-stage liver disease; ALBI, albumin–bilirubin; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; Zn, zinc
Table 2.
Correlation between serum Zn level and baseline data.
| Variables | r | p Value |
|---|---|---|
| Age | −0.10 | 0.0420 |
| Body mass index | −0.04 | 0.4015 |
| Total bilirubin | −0.27 | <0.0001 |
| Serum albumin | 0.62 | <0.0001 |
| ALBI score | −0.62 | <0.0001 |
| Prothrombin time | 0.35 | <0.0001 |
| Platelet count | 0.14 | 0.0031 |
| AST | −0.27 | <0.0001 |
| ALT | −0.13 | 0.0050 |
| Total cholesterol | 0.19 | <0.0001 |
| Fasting blood glucose | −0.06 | 0.1909 |
| Serum creatinine | −0.02 | 0.6695 |
| Serum sodium | 0.27 | <0.0001 |
| BTR | 0.42 | <0.0001 |
| Serum ammonia | −0.34 | <0.0001 |
| MELD score | −0.29 | <0.0001 |
| FIB-4 index | −0.32 | <0.0001 |
ALBI, albumin–bilirubin; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BTR, branched-chain amino acid to tyrosine ratio; MELD, model for end-stage liver disease.
Table 3.
Univariate analyses of factors linked to overall survival.
| Variables | n | p Value |
|---|---|---|
| Age ≥ 66 years, yes/no | 234/207 | 0.0010 |
| Gender, male/female | 239/202 | 0.1605 |
| HBV/HCV/others | 46/253/142 | 0.0140 |
| Child–Pugh classification, A/B/C | 317/109/15 | <0.0001 |
| Body mass index ≥ 23.1 kg/m2, yes/no | 221/220 | 0.0366 |
| Total bilirubin ≥ 1.0 mg/dL, yes/no | 253/188 | 0.0177 |
| Serum albumin ≥ 3.7 g/dL, yes/no | 232/209 | <0.0001 |
| ALBI grade, 1/2/3 | 134/276/31 | <0.0001 |
| MELD score ≥ 4.87, yes/no | 220/221 | 0.0003 |
| Prothrombin time ≥ 76.9%, yes/no | 221/220 | 0.0020 |
| Platelet count ≥ 9.7 × 104/mm3, yes/no | 223/216 | 0.0065 |
| AST ≥ 39 IU/l, yes/no | 224/216 | 0.4417 |
| ALT ≥ 30.5 IU/l, yes/no | 220/220 | 0.3604 |
| Total cholesterol ≥ 151.5 mg/dL, yes/no | 216/216 | 0.0969 |
| Fasting blood glucose ≥ 102 mg/dL, yes/no | 226/206 | 0.5393 |
| Serum creatinine ≥ 0.67 mg/dL, yes/no | 223/218 | 0.0010 |
| Serum sodium ≥ 140 mmol/L, yes/no | 266/175 | 0.0070 |
| Zn, <130, ≥ 80 μg/dL/<80, ≥ 60 μg/dL/<60 μg/dL | 56/227/158 | <0.0001 |
| BTR ≥ 4.13, yes/no | 220/217 | 0.0149 |
| Serum ammonia ≥ 40 μg/dL, yes/no | 227/199 | <0.0001 |
| FIB-4 index ≥ 5.09, yes/no | 220/219 | <0.0001 |
HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; ALBI, albumin–bilirubin; MELD, model for end-stage liver disease; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; Zn, zinc; BTR, branched-chain amino acid to tyrosine ratio.
Table 4.
Multivariate analyses of factors linked to overall survival.
| Variables | Multivariate Analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | p Value | |
| Serum ammonia level ≥ 40 µg/dL | 1.995 | 1.540–2.583 | <0.0001 |
| FIB-4 index ≥ 5.09 | 1.210 | 0.926–1.582 | 0.1622 |
| MELD score ≥ 4.87 | 1.139 | 0.880–1.473 | 0.3234 |
| Serum sodium ≥ 140 mmol/L | 0.870 | 0.672–1.126 | 0.2894 |
| ALBI grade | |||
| Grade 1 | 1.000 | Reference | |
| Grade 2 | 1.127 | 0.524–2.429 | 0.7600 |
| Grade 3 | 1.540 | 1.163–2.041 | 0.0026 |
| Child–Pugh classification | |||
| Child–Pugh A | 1.000 | Reference | |
| Child–Pugh B | 1.042 | 0.715–1.519 | 0.8309 |
| Child–Pugh C | 2.409 | 0.791–7.339 | 0.1219 |
| Serum Zn classification by JSCN | |||
| Group A | 1.000 | Reference | |
| Group B | 2.003 | 1.438–2.790 | <0.0001 |
| Group C | 2.533 | 1.640–3.911 | <0.0001 |
HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; MELD, model for end-stage liver disease; ALBI, albumin–bilirubin; Zn, zinc; JSCN, Japanese society of clinical nutrition.
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
MDPI and ACS Style
Nishikawa, H.; Enomoto, H.; Yoh, K.; Iwata, Y.; Sakai, Y.; Kishino, K.; Ikeda, N.; Takashima, T.; Aizawa, N.; Takata, R.; et al. Serum Zinc Level Classification System: Usefulness in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis. J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 2057. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8122057
AMA Style
Nishikawa H, Enomoto H, Yoh K, Iwata Y, Sakai Y, Kishino K, Ikeda N, Takashima T, Aizawa N, Takata R, et al. Serum Zinc Level Classification System: Usefulness in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2019; 8(12):2057. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8122057
Chicago/Turabian StyleNishikawa, Hiroki, Hirayuki Enomoto, Kazunori Yoh, Yoshinori Iwata, Yoshiyuki Sakai, Kyohei Kishino, Naoto Ikeda, Tomoyuki Takashima, Nobuhiro Aizawa, Ryo Takata, and et al. 2019. "Serum Zinc Level Classification System: Usefulness in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis" Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 12: 2057. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8122057
Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.
