Morphogenetic Variability and Hypertension in Ischemic Stroke Patients—Preliminary Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Group
2.2. Tested Determinants
3. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
5. Discussion
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Francis, J.; Raghunathan, S.; Khanna, P. The role of genetics in stroke. Postgrad. Med. J. 2007, 83, 590–595. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Razvi, S.S.; Bone, I. Single gene disorders causing ischaemic stroke. J. Neurol. 2006, 253, 685–700. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dichgans, M. Genetics of ischaemic stroke. Lancet Neurol. 2007, 6, 149–161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tournier-Lasserve, E. New players in the genetics of stroke. N. Engl. J. Med. 2002, 347, 1711–1712. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Oline Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM). Available online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (accessed on 16 April 2018).
- Brass, L.M.; Isaacsohn, J.L.; Merikangas, K.R.; Robinette, C.D. A study of twins and stroke. Stroke 1992, 23, 221–223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brass, L.M.; Shaker, L.A. Family history in patients with transient ischemic attacks. Stroke 1991, 22, 837–841. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ettehad, D.; Emdin, C.A.; Kiran, A.; Anderson, S.G.; Callender, T.; Emberson, J.; Chalmers, J.; Rodgers, A.; Rahimi, K. Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2016, 387, 957–967. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Katsanos, A.H.; Filippatou, A.; Manios, E.; Deftereos, S.; Parissis, J.; Frogoudaki, A.; Vrettou, A.R.; Ikonomidis, I.; Pikilidou, M.; Kargiotis, O.; et al. Blood Pressure Reduction and Secondary Stroke Prevention: A Systematic Review and Metaregression Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Hypertension 2017, 69, 171–179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Marinkovic, D.; Ilic, M.; Spremo, B. Studies of human population—Genetic variation. Comparasion of homozygously recessive traits in attendants of special and regular schools in Serbia. Arh. Biol. Nauka 1990, 42, 11–12. [Google Scholar]
- Marinković, D.; Cvjetićanin, S. Studes of human population genetic. The frequencies of ABO blood types and homozygously recessive traits among top sportsmen and young intelectuals. Arh. Biol. Nauka 1991, 43, 1–2. [Google Scholar]
- Marinkovic, D.; Cvjeticanin, S. Anthropogenetic Homozygosity and Adaptive Variability. HRC-Test in Studies of Human Populations; Monographs DCLXXII, Book 8; Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts: Belgrade, Serbia, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Cvjeticanin, S.; Marinkovic, D. Genetic variability in the group of patients with congenital hip dislocation. Genetika 2005, 41, 1142–1146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cvjeticanin, S.; Marinkovic, D. Genetic variability and frequencies of ABO blood types among different samples of patients from Serbia. Korean J. Genet. 2005, 27, 35–40. [Google Scholar]
- Marinkovic, D.; Cvjeticanin, S.; Stanojevic, M. Population genetic analyses of susceptibility to developing alcohol dependence. Addict. Res. Theory 2008, 16, 331–337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Petricevic, B.; Cvjeticanin, S. Morphogenetic variability and handedness in Montenegro and Serbia. Russ. J. Genet. 2011, 43, 406–411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Branković, S.; Cvjetićanin, S. Anthropogenetic variability in groups of children from regular and special schools from different localities in Serbia. Genetika 2016, 48, 743–751. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nikolić, D.; Cvjeticanin, S.; Petronic, I.; Milincic, Z.; Brdar, R.; Karan, R.; Konstantinovic, L.; Dragin, A.; Cutovic, M. Population genetic analyses of susceptibility to increased body weight. Arch. Med. Sci. 2012, 8, 998–1002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cvjeticanin, S.; Marinkovic, D. Morphogenetic variability during selection of elite water polo players. J. Sports Sci. 2009, 27, 941–947. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Benjamin, E.J.; Blaha, M.J.; Chiuve, S.E.; Cushman, M.; Das, S.R.; Deo, R.; de Ferranti, S.D.; Floyd, J.; Fornage, M.; Gillespie, C.; et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2017 update: A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2017, 135, e146–e603. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hassan, A.; Markus, H.S. Genetics and ischaemic stroke. Brain 2000, 123 Pt 9, 1784–1812. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hamzi, K.; Tazzite, A.; Nadifi, S. Large-scale meta-analysis of genetic studies in ischemic stroke: Five genes involving 152,797 individuals. Indian J. Hum. Genet. 2011, 17, 212–217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Casas, J.P.; Hingorani, A.D.; Bautista, L.E.; Sharma, P. Meta-analysis of Genetic Studies in Ischemic StrokeThirty-two Genes Involving Approximately 18 000 Cases and 58 000 Controls. Arch. Neurol. 2004, 61, 1652–1661. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Munshi, A.; Sharma, V. Genetic signatures in the treatment of stroke. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2015, 21, 343–354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Malik, R.; Chauhan, G.; Traylor, M.; Sargurupremraj, M.; Okada, Y.; Mishra, A.; Rutten-Jacobs, L.; Giese, A.K.; van der Laan, S.W.; Gretarsdottir, S.; et al. Multiancestry genome-wide association study of 520,000 subjects identifies 32 loci associated with stroke and stroke subtypes. Nat. Genet. 2018, 50, 524–537. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hachiya, T.; Kamatani, Y.; Takahashi, A.; Hata, J.; Furukawa, R.; Shiwa, Y.; Yamaji, T.; Hara, M.; Tanno, K.; Ohmomo, H.; et al. Genetic Predisposition to Ischemic Stroke: A Polygenic Risk Score. Stroke 2017, 48, 253–258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Milašinović, S.; Cvjetićanin, S.; Brdar, R.; Nikolić, D. Morphogenetic variability and genetic loads among patients with different expression of developmental hip dysplasia. Genetika 2017, 49, 1035–1045. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karan, R.; Obrenovic-Kircanski, B.; Cvjeticanin, S.; Kovacevic-Kostic, N.; Velinovic, M.; Milicevic, V.; Vranes-Stoimirov, M.; Nikolic, D. The Gender Impact on Morphogenetic Variability in Coronary Artery Disease: A Preliminary Study. J. Clin. Med. 2018, 7, 103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Parameters | Controls N = 194 | Ischemic Stroke Group N = 120 | p Values | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender, N (%) | Males | 82 (42.27%) | 44 (36.67%) | 0.325 * |
Females | 112 (57.73%) | 76 (63.33%) | ||
Age, years (MV ± SD) | 67.49 ± 7.12 | 71.32 ± 6.92 | 0.000 ** | |
BMI (MV ± SD) | 26.34 ± 8.28 | 29.14 ± 7.18 | 0.002 ** | |
Hypertension, N (%) | 86 (44.33%) | 56 (46.67%) | 0.686 * | |
Diabetes mellitus, N (%) | 52 (26.80%) | 49 (40.83%) | 0.010 * | |
Non-insulin dependent, N (%) | 38 (19.59%) | 42 (35.00%) | 0.002 * | |
Insulin dependent, N (%) | 14 (7.22%) | 7 (5.83%) | 0.634 * | |
Dyslipidemia, N (%) | 128 (65.98%) | 86 (71.67%) | 0.293 * | |
Family history of hypertension, N (%) | 104 (53.61%) | 81 (67.50%) | 0.015 * | |
Family history of MI, N (%) | 78 (40.21%) | 63 (52.50%) | 0.033 * | |
Prior PCI, N (%) | 84 (43.30%) | 26 (21.67%) | 0.000 * | |
Prior stroke, N (%) | 0 (0%) | 31 (25.83%) | - |
Homozygously Recessive Characteristics | Controls N = 194, n (%) | Ischemic Stroke Group N = 120, n (%) | χ2 | OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Blond Hair | 52 (26.80) | 29 (24.17) | 0.258 | 0.87 (0.51–1.47) |
Straight Hair | 121 (62.37) | 88 (73.33) | 1.930 | 1.64 (0.99–2.69) |
Double Hair Whorl | 19 (9.79) | 12 (10.00) | 0.005 | 1.02 (0.48–2.19) |
Opposite Hair Whorl Orientation | 40 (20.62) | 29 (24.17) | 0.611 | 1.23 (0.71–2.11) |
Soft Hair | 92 (47.42) | 73 (60.83) | 3.792 | 1.72 * (1.08–2.73) |
Continuous Hair Line | 96 (49.48) | 36 (30.00) | 7.669 ** | 0.44 ** (0.27–0.71) |
Attached Ear Lobe | 31 (15.98) | 14 (11.67) | 1.162 | 0.69 (0.35–1.37) |
Ear Without Darwinian notch | 18 (9.28) | 17 (14.17) | 2.577 | 1.61 (0.80–3.27) |
Blue Eyes | 57 (29.38) | 68 (56.67) | 25.349 ** | 3.14 ** (1.95–5.06) |
Speaking deficiency -guttural “r” | 12 (6.19) | 8 (6.67) | 0.037 | 1.08 (0.43–2.73) |
Inability to Transversally Tongue Roll | 52 (26.80) | 51 (42.50) | 9.197 ** | 2.02 ** (1.25–3.27) |
Inability to Longitudinally Tongue Roll | 73 (37.63) | 49 (40.83) | 0.272 | 1.14 (0.72–1.82) |
Right Thumb over Left Thumb | 97 (50.00) | 78 (65.00) | 4.500 * | 1.86 ** (1.16–2.97) |
Top Joint of the Thumb >45° | 47 (24.23) | 21 (17.50) | 1.869 | 0.66 (0.37–1.18) |
Hypermobility of proximal thumb joint | 21 (10.82) | 14 (11.67) | 0.067 | 1.09 (0.53–2.23) |
Proximal thumb extensibility | 69 (35.57) | 38 (31.67) | 0.428 | 0.84 (0.52–1.36) |
Three tendons in the wrist | 84 (43.30) | 56 (46.67) | 0.262 | 1.15 (0.73–1.81) |
Left-handedness | 29 (14.95) | 16 (13.33) | 0.176 | 0.88 (0.45–1.69) |
Index finger longer than the ring finger | 86 (44.33) | 53 (44.17) | 0.001 | 0.99 (0.63–1.57) |
∑χ2 = 60.162 ** |
Groups | With/Without Hypertension | ||
---|---|---|---|
Z * | p | Cohen’s d (%) | |
Controls | −2.943 | <0.003 | 46.70 |
Ischemic stroke group | 4.037 | <0.001 | 79.14 |
No. of HRCs | OR (95% CI) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Controls (with/without Hypertension) | Ischemic Stroke Group (with/without Hypertension) | With Hypertension (Ischemic Stroke Group/Controls) | Without Hypertension (Ischemic Stroke Group/Controls) | |
2 | - | - | - | - |
3 | 3.79 ** (1.58–9.10) | - | 0.40 (0.15–1.06) | - |
4 | - | 0.74 (0.20–2.78) | - | 1.76 (0.54–5.70) |
5 | 1.12 (0.51–2.44) | 3.87 ** (1.39–10.73) | 2.06 (0.91–4.65) | 0.59 (0.22–1.61) |
6 | 0.91 (0.50–1.64) | 1.73 (0.74–4.07) | 0.75 (0.36–1.55) | 0.39 * (0.19–0.82) |
7 | 0.51 (0.21–1.24) | 0.50 (0.20–1.28) | 1.63 (0.57–4.62) | 1.67 (0.78–3.56) |
8 | 0.58 (0.26–1.31) | 0.17 ** (0.05–0.53) | 0.58 (0.17–1.96) | 2.00 (0.98–4.10) |
9 | - | 0.56 (0.10–3.16) | - | 2.74 * (1.14–6.62) |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Savic, M.; Cvjeticanin, S.; Lazovic, M.; Nikcevic, L.; Nikolic, D. Morphogenetic Variability and Hypertension in Ischemic Stroke Patients—Preliminary Study. J. Clin. Med. 2018, 7, 162. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7070162
Savic M, Cvjeticanin S, Lazovic M, Nikcevic L, Nikolic D. Morphogenetic Variability and Hypertension in Ischemic Stroke Patients—Preliminary Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2018; 7(7):162. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7070162
Chicago/Turabian StyleSavic, Milan, Suzana Cvjeticanin, Milica Lazovic, Ljubica Nikcevic, and Dejan Nikolic. 2018. "Morphogenetic Variability and Hypertension in Ischemic Stroke Patients—Preliminary Study" Journal of Clinical Medicine 7, no. 7: 162. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7070162