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Volume 15
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10.3390/jcm15010203
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Article

Prevalence of Bruxism Among Young Adult Energy Drink Consumers in Jordan

by
Aseel M. Sharaireh
1,*,
Musab M. Alkaabneh
1,
Hamzeh E. Alsaket
1,
Hamza I. Abdelhaleem
1,
Amr I. Hammad
1,
Noor H. Ismail
1,
Islam AbdAlraheam
1,
Sanaa Aljamani
1,
Leena Smadi
1,
Yazan Hassoneh
2 and
Mohammad A. AL-Rabab’ah
1,*
1
Restorative Dentistry Department, School of Dentistry, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
2
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Medicine and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(1), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15010203 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 24 November 2025 / Revised: 19 December 2025 / Accepted: 24 December 2025 / Published: 26 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Dental Diseases and Temporomandibular Joints)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study examined the association between energy drink consumption and self-reported bruxism behaviors and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain among young adults in Jordan. Methods: A cross-sectional, self-administered survey was distributed to young adults aged 18–30. After applying predefined exclusion criteria, the analytic sample for the TMD-related analyses comprised n = 1373 participants. The questionnaire captured demographics, frequency and duration of energy drink consumption, self-reported bruxism behaviours (clenching, grinding, bracing, thrusting), TMJ pain symptoms adapted from DC/TMD screening items, and psychological stress measured by the validated Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10). Questionnaire reliability was assessed in a pilot (n = 20) using Cohen’s Kappa. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression (adjusting for age, sex, smoking and stress) were used to evaluate associations. Results: Among participants, 309 (22.5%) reported daily energy drink use. Self-reported bruxism behaviors were present in 19.4% (n = 60) of consumers, with an additional 26.9% suspecting these behaviors. TMJ pain on awakening was reported by 41.1% (n = 127) of consumers. Energy drink consumption was significantly associated with higher odds of self-reported bruxism behaviors (χ2 = 115.6, p < 0.001). In multivariable analyses, daily consumption remained independently associated with bruxism (adjusted OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.3–2.7; p = 0.001). Higher consumption frequency was also linked to an increased number of oral health symptoms. Conclusions: after adjusting for key confounders, energy drink consumption was associated with greater prevalence of self-reported bruxism behaviors and TMJ pain among young Jordanian adults. These findings emphasize the potential oral health risks of habitual energy drink use and underscore the need for targeted education and preventive strategies in this population.
Keywords: bruxism; energy drinks; caffeine; stress; young adults; TMJ bruxism; energy drinks; caffeine; stress; young adults; TMJ

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MDPI and ACS Style

Sharaireh, A.M.; Alkaabneh, M.M.; Alsaket, H.E.; Abdelhaleem, H.I.; Hammad, A.I.; Ismail, N.H.; AbdAlraheam, I.; Aljamani, S.; Smadi, L.; Hassoneh, Y.; et al. Prevalence of Bruxism Among Young Adult Energy Drink Consumers in Jordan. J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15, 203. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15010203

AMA Style

Sharaireh AM, Alkaabneh MM, Alsaket HE, Abdelhaleem HI, Hammad AI, Ismail NH, AbdAlraheam I, Aljamani S, Smadi L, Hassoneh Y, et al. Prevalence of Bruxism Among Young Adult Energy Drink Consumers in Jordan. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2026; 15(1):203. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15010203

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sharaireh, Aseel M., Musab M. Alkaabneh, Hamzeh E. Alsaket, Hamza I. Abdelhaleem, Amr I. Hammad, Noor H. Ismail, Islam AbdAlraheam, Sanaa Aljamani, Leena Smadi, Yazan Hassoneh, and et al. 2026. "Prevalence of Bruxism Among Young Adult Energy Drink Consumers in Jordan" Journal of Clinical Medicine 15, no. 1: 203. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15010203

APA Style

Sharaireh, A. M., Alkaabneh, M. M., Alsaket, H. E., Abdelhaleem, H. I., Hammad, A. I., Ismail, N. H., AbdAlraheam, I., Aljamani, S., Smadi, L., Hassoneh, Y., & AL-Rabab’ah, M. A. (2026). Prevalence of Bruxism Among Young Adult Energy Drink Consumers in Jordan. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 15(1), 203. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15010203

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