Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Intensive Care Units: A Comparison of Pre-Pandemic and COVID-19 Periods
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Variants | Total (n = 803) | Before Pandemic (n = 339) | Pandemic (n = 464) | p-Value * | VAP No (n = 721) | VAPs Yes (n = 82) | p-Value * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age Me (IQR) | Years | 64 (22) | 63 (24) | 64 (19) | 0.229 A | 64 (21) | 59 (17) | 0.032 * A |
Gender n (%) | Male | 515 (64.1) | 226 (66.7) | 289 (62.3) | 0.201 B | 469 (64.9) | 47 (57.3) | 0.174 B |
Female | 288 (35.9) | 113 (33.3) | 175 (37.7) | 253 (35.1) | 35 (42.7) | |||
Hospitalization Type n (%) | Surgical | 371 (46.2) | 252 (77.3) | 119 (25.7) | < 0.001 * B | 350 (48.5) | 21 (25.6) | <0.001 * B |
Medical | 432 (53.8) | 87 (25.7) | 345 (74.4) | 371 (51.5) | 61 (74.4) | |||
ICU Outcome n (%) | No | 528 (65.8) | 252 (74.3) | 276 (59.5) | <0.001* B | 490 (68.0) | 38 (46.3) | <0.001 * B |
Yes | 275 (34.3) | 87 (25.7) | 188 (40.5) | 231 (32.0) | 44 (53.7) | |||
COVID-19 n (%) | No | 596 (74.2) | 339 (100) | 257 (55.4) | <0.001* B | 552 (76.6) | 44 (53.7) | <0.001 * B |
Yes | 207 (25.8) | 0 (0) | 207 (44,6) | 169 (23.4) | 38 (46.3) | |||
Pandemic COVID-19 n (%) | No | 339 (42.2) | N/A | N/A | N/A | 319 (44.2) | 20 (24.4) | <0.001 * B |
Yes | 464 (57.8) | N/A | N/A | 402 (55.8) | 62 (75.6) |
Variable | Total (n = 803) | Before Pandemic (n = 339) | Pandemic (n = 464) | p-Value | Pandemic | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes COVID (n = 207) | Non-COVID (n = 257) | ||||||
No. of VAP n (%) | 82 (10.2) | 20 (5.9) | 62 (13.4) | <0.001 * B | 38 (18.4) | 24 (9.3) | <0.001 * B |
No. of Bed Days (M, SD) | 8385 (10.4 ± 11.2) | 3098 (9.1 ± 11.1) | 5299 (11.4 ± 11.2) | <0.001 * A | 2857 (13.8 ± 11.1) | 2442 (9.5 ± 10.9) | <0.001 * A |
Mechanical Ventilator Days (M, SD) | 5836 (7.3 ± 9.8) | 2365 (7.0 ± 10.3) | 3471 (7.5 ± 9.3) | 0.701 * A | 1947 (9.4 ± 10.8) | 1524 (5.9 ±7.6) | <0.012 * A |
Mechanical Ventilator Utilization Ratio (95 CI) | 0.70 (0.68–0.71) | 0.77 (0.73–0.79) | 0.66 (0.63–0.68) | <0.001 * A | 0.68 (0.65–0.71) | 0.62 (0.59–0.66) | 0.001 * A |
VAP/1000 MV Days (95 CI) | 14.05 (11.25–17.35) | 8.46 (5.31–2.83) | 17.86 (13.81–2.75) | <0.001 * A | 19.52 (14.01–26.51) | 15.75 (10.32–23.07) | <0.001 * A |
Microorganism VAPs | Total VAPs N = 82 (%) | Before Pandemic N = 20 (%) | Pandemic N = 62 (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Acinetobacter spp. | 18 (22.0) | 6 (30) | 12 (19.4) |
Candida albicans | 1 (1.2) | - | 1 (1.6) |
Corybebacterium | 1 (1.2) | - | 1 (1.6) |
Enterobacter aerogenes | 1 (1.2) | - | 1 (1.6) |
Enterobacter spp. | 2 (2.4) | - | 2 (3.2) |
Enterococci sp. | 2 (2.4) | - | 2 (3.2) |
Escherichia coli | 1 (1.2) | 1 (5) | - |
Klebsiella pneumoniae | 21 (26.0) | 6 (30) | 15 (24.2) |
Morganella morganii | 1 (1.2) | - | 1 (1.6) |
Proteus mirabilis | 3 (3.7) | 1 (5) | 2 (3.2) |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 23 (28.1) | 6 (30) | 17 (27.4) |
Serratia marcescens | 5 (6.0) | - | 5 (8.1) |
Serratia odorifera | 2 (2.4) | - | 2 (3.2) |
Staphylococcus aureus | 1 (1.2) | - | 1 (1.6) |
Variable—Reference Variant | Estimate of the Logistic Regression Parameter | OR (95% Cl) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Constant Term | −4.333 | 0.013 (0.007–0.026) | <0.001 |
MV Days | 0.067 | 1.069 (1.027–1.112) | 0.001 |
Pandemic COVID-19 (Yes) | 1.082 | 2.950 (1.547–5.626) | 0.001 |
Length of Stay | 0.046 | 1.047 (1.012–1.084) | 0.008 |
VAP | COVID-19 | Pandemic COVID-19 | ICU Outcome | Observed Values No. of Patients | Expected Values No. of Patients | χ2 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non | Non | Non | Non | 242 | 149 | 7.667 | 0.000 |
Non | Non | Non | Yes | 77 | 77 | 0.042 | 0.483 |
Non | Non | Yes | Non | 177 | 203 | 1.846 | 0.032 |
Non | Non | Yes | Yes | 56 | 106 | 4.849 | 0.000 |
Non | Yes | Yes | Non | 71 | 71 | 0.046 | 0.482 |
Non | Yes | Yes | Yes | 98 | 37 | 10.095 | 0.000 |
Yes | Non | Non | Non | 10 | 17 | 1.677 | 0.047 |
Yes | Non | Non | Yes | 10 | 9 | 0.405 | 0.343 |
Yes | Non | Yes | Non | 17 | 23 | 1.274 | 0.101 |
Yes | Non | Yes | Yes | 7 | 12 | 1.453 | 0.073 |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Non | 11 | 8 | 1.048 | 0.147 |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 27 | 4 | 11.156 | 0.000 |
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Hlinkova, S.; Moraucikova, E.; Strzelecka, A.; Mrazova, M.; Littva, V. Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Intensive Care Units: A Comparison of Pre-Pandemic and COVID-19 Periods. J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14, 1000. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14031000
Hlinkova S, Moraucikova E, Strzelecka A, Mrazova M, Littva V. Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Intensive Care Units: A Comparison of Pre-Pandemic and COVID-19 Periods. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025; 14(3):1000. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14031000
Chicago/Turabian StyleHlinkova, Sona, Eva Moraucikova, Agnieszka Strzelecka, Mariana Mrazova, and Vladimir Littva. 2025. "Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Intensive Care Units: A Comparison of Pre-Pandemic and COVID-19 Periods" Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, no. 3: 1000. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14031000
APA StyleHlinkova, S., Moraucikova, E., Strzelecka, A., Mrazova, M., & Littva, V. (2025). Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Intensive Care Units: A Comparison of Pre-Pandemic and COVID-19 Periods. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(3), 1000. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14031000