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Volume 14
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Test Learning Effects Influence Coordinative but Not Strength-Related Tasks in Patients Six Months After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

by
Sonja Jahnke
1,2,*,
Robert Prill
1,2,*,
Aleksandra Królikowska
3,
Łukasz Oleksy
4,5,
Caren Cruysen
1,2,
Maciej Daszkiewicz
3,
Mateusz Kowal
3,
Monika Kentel
6,
Maciej Kentel
6,
Sven Michel
7,
Paweł Reichert
4 and
Roland Becker
1,2
1
Center of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Hospital Brandenburg/Havel, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, 14770 Brandenburg a.d.H., Germany
2
Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, 14770 Brandenburg a.d.H., Germany
3
Physiotherapy Research Laboratory, University Centre of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Physiotherapy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-372 Wroclaw, Poland
4
Department of Orthopaedics, Traumatology and Hand Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
5
Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Kraków, Poland
6
eMKa MED Medical Center, 53-110 Wroclaw, Poland
7
Department of Therapy Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(17), 6308; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14176308 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 31 July 2025 / Revised: 30 August 2025 / Accepted: 1 September 2025 / Published: 6 September 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Orthopedics)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Background: A comprehensive rehabilitation program is recommended following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) to restore function, strength and lower limb stability. Despite advancements in surgical techniques, high reinjury rates highlight the need to refine rehabilitation strategies. This study investigates performance across various physically demanding tasks and compares outcomes between the injured and uninjured leg, using a modified Back in Action (BIA) test battery. It is hypothesized that due to test learning effects patients exhibit faster improvement in coordinatively demanding tasks compared to strength-related tasks. Methods: Thirty-two patients (aged 18–40) following primary unilateral ACLR participated in a prospective cross-sectional study within the context of a larger trial. Participants completed a modified BIA test battery, including stability, countermovement jump (CMJ), drop landing, speedy jumps, and quick-feet test (QFT). Each test was conducted in three sets, with three immediate repetitions. Self-reported outcomes were also collected. Results: Patients showed significant within-session improvements in coordinative tasks, with 32% in the injured and 26% in the uninjured limb during the speedy jumps [p < 0.05]. No significant learning effects were observed in strength-related tasks (drop landing, stability test, CMJ). Patients with lower baseline performance exhibited greater improvement than patients with higher performance level from baseline. Furthermore, a correlation between self-assessed abilities and actual performance was identified. Conclusions: This study showed that improvement of coordinative tasks after Return to Sport (RTS) testing of ACLR patients are rather affected by test learning effects. In contrast, this phenomenon is not seen in strength-related tasks. Rehabilitation programs should integrate both types of exercises while considering individual baseline abilities. Tailoring rehabilitation to individual needs, establishing sport-specific rehabilitation programs and incorporating self-assessment tools can enhance patient-centered care and reduce reinjury risks.
Keywords: anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR); Return to Sport (RTS); Back in Action (BIA); coordination; neuromuscular adaption; kinematics anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR); Return to Sport (RTS); Back in Action (BIA); coordination; neuromuscular adaption; kinematics

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MDPI and ACS Style

Jahnke, S.; Prill, R.; Królikowska, A.; Oleksy, Ł.; Cruysen, C.; Daszkiewicz, M.; Kowal, M.; Kentel, M.; Kentel, M.; Michel, S.; et al. Test Learning Effects Influence Coordinative but Not Strength-Related Tasks in Patients Six Months After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14, 6308. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14176308

AMA Style

Jahnke S, Prill R, Królikowska A, Oleksy Ł, Cruysen C, Daszkiewicz M, Kowal M, Kentel M, Kentel M, Michel S, et al. Test Learning Effects Influence Coordinative but Not Strength-Related Tasks in Patients Six Months After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025; 14(17):6308. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14176308

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jahnke, Sonja, Robert Prill, Aleksandra Królikowska, Łukasz Oleksy, Caren Cruysen, Maciej Daszkiewicz, Mateusz Kowal, Monika Kentel, Maciej Kentel, Sven Michel, and et al. 2025. "Test Learning Effects Influence Coordinative but Not Strength-Related Tasks in Patients Six Months After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction" Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, no. 17: 6308. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14176308

APA Style

Jahnke, S., Prill, R., Królikowska, A., Oleksy, Ł., Cruysen, C., Daszkiewicz, M., Kowal, M., Kentel, M., Kentel, M., Michel, S., Reichert, P., & Becker, R. (2025). Test Learning Effects Influence Coordinative but Not Strength-Related Tasks in Patients Six Months After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(17), 6308. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14176308

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