Does the Timing of Response Impact the Outcome of Relapsed/Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia Treated with Venetoclax in Combination with Hypomethylating Agents? A Proof of Concept from a Monocentric Observational Study
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Setting
2.2. Patient Population
- Diagnosis of AML;
- Patients must receive VEN in combination with AZA or DEC as an off-label treatment strategy;
- Second or subsequent lines of therapy.
- Patients with prior exposure to VEN in other settings were excluded.
2.3. Treatment Regimens
2.4. Molecular and Cytogenetic Evaluation
2.5. Response Criteria
2.6. Endpoints
2.7. Safety Assessment
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Patient Characteristics
3.2. Therapies Administred
3.3. Composite Complete Remission (cCR) Rate
3.4. Survival Outcomes
3.5. Post-Treatment Transplantation
3.6. Safety Profile
4. Discussion
4.1. Clinical Efficacy and Response Kinetics
4.2. Hematologic Toxicity and Transplant Outcomes
4.3. Impact of Comorbidities and Performance Status
4.4. Infectious Complications and Supportive Care Strategies
4.5. Antifungal Prophylaxis: Current Evidence and Future Directions
4.6. Study Limitations and Future Perspectives
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Disease Status | Reason for Discontinuation of Chemotherapy Program | N | % (Out of 33) |
---|---|---|---|
Refractory | No other treatment options | 2 | 6% |
Uncontrolled infection | 2 | 6% | |
Patient choice | 1 | 3.2% | |
Chemoresistant | 2 | 6% | |
Relapsed—Early | No other treatment options | 9 | 27.3% |
Uncontrolled infection | 4 | 12.1% | |
Patient choice | 2 | 6% | |
Relapse after HSCT | 2 | 6% | |
Relapsed—Late | No other treatment options | 6 | 18.2% |
Uncontrolled infection | 2 | 6% | |
Patient choice | 0 | 0% | |
Relapse after HSCT | 1 | 3.2% |
Parameter | Total Cohort (n/33) | cCR | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | <50 years old | 7 (21.2%) | 7/7 (100%) | 0.01 |
≥50 years old | 26 (78.8%) | 12/26 (46.2%) | ||
Gender | Male | 15 (45.4%) | 9/15 (60%) | 0.8 |
Female | 18 (54.5%) | 10/18 (55.6%) | ||
ECOG PS | ECOG PS 0–2 | 28 (84.8%) | 19/28 (67.9%) | 0.005 |
ECOG PS 3–4 | 5 (15.2%) | 0/5 (0%) | ||
t-AML | Yes | 4 (12.1%) | 3/4 (75%) | 0.6 |
No | 29 (87.9%) | 16/29 (55.2%) | ||
AML-MRC | Yes | 10 (30.3%) | 5/10 (50%) | 0.7 |
No | 23 (69.7%) | 14/23 (60.9%) | ||
Previous therapy | Chemotherapy | 12 (36.4%) | 6/12 (50%) | 0.07 |
Chemotherapy and AZA | 7 (21.2%) | 2/7 (28.6%) | ||
HMA (AZA or DEC) | 14 (42.4%) | 11/14 (78.6%) | ||
Status from previous chemotherapy | Relapse | 26 (78.8%) | 13/26 (50%) | 0.09 |
Refractory | 7 (21.2%) | 6/7 (85.7%) | ||
Type of relapse * | Early relapse | 17/26 (65.4%) | 8/17 (47.1%) | 0.7 |
Late relapse | 9/26 (34.6%) | 5/9 (55.6%) | ||
Line of therapy | Second-line | 26 (78.8%) | 17/26 (65.4%) | 0.08 |
≥Third-line | 7 (21.2%) | 2/7 (28.6%) | ||
Combination | VEN + AZA | 28 (84.8%) | 18/28/ (64.3%) | 0.065 |
VEN + DEC | 5 (15.2) | 1/5 (20%) | ||
FLT3-ITD | Not detected | 29 (87.9%) | 18/29 (62.1%) | 0.2 |
Detected | 4 (12.1%) | 1/4 (25%) | ||
NPM1 | w.t. | 26 (78.8%) | 16/26 (61.5%) | 0.4 |
Mutated | 7 (21.2%) | 3/7 (42.9%) | ||
Complex karyotype | No | 28 (84.8%) | 15/28 (53.6%) | 0.3 |
Yes | 5 (15.2%) | 4/5 (80%) |
Parameter | Early Responders N = 12 | Late Responders N = 7 | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | <50 years old | 6 (50%) | 1 (14.3%) | 0.1 |
≥50 years old | 6 (50%) | 6 (85.7%) | ||
Gender | Male | 7 (58.3%) | 3 (42.9%) | 0.5 |
Female | 5 (41.7%) | 4 (57.1%) | ||
ECOG PS | ECOG PS 0–2 | 12 (100%) | 7 (100%) | NE |
ECOG PS 3–4 | 0 | 0 | ||
Previous therapy | Chemotherapy | 8 (66.7%) | 3 (42.9%) | 0.1 |
Chemotherapy and AZA | 2 (16.7%) | 0 | ||
HMA (AZA or DEC) | 2 (16.7%) | 4 (57.1%) | ||
Status from previous chemotherapy | Relapse | 8 (66.7%) | 5 (71.4%) | 0.8 |
Refractory | 4 (33.3%) | 2 (28.6%) | ||
Type of relapse * | Early relapse | 5 (62.5%) | 3 (60%) | 0.9 |
Late relapse | 3 (37.5%) | 2 (40%) | ||
Line of therapy | Second-line | 10 (83.3%) | 7 (100%) | 0.3 |
≥Third-line | 2 (16.7%) | 0 | ||
Combination | VEN + AZA | 12 (100%) | 6 (85.7%) | 0.2 |
VEN + DEC | 0 | 1 (14.3%) | ||
FLT3-ITD | Not detected | 11 (91.7%) | 7 (100%) | 0.4 |
Detected | 1 (8.3%) | 0 | ||
NPM1 | w.t. | 9 (75%) | 7 (100%) | 0.2 |
Mutated | 3 (25%) | 0 | ||
Complex karyotype | No | 10 (83.3%) | 5 (71.4%) | 0.5 |
Yes | 2 (16.7%) | 2 (28.6%) |
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Longo, E.; Palumbo, F.E.; Duminuco, A.; Longo, L.; Vitale, D.C.; Brancati, S.; Maugeri, C.; Parisi, M.S.; Palumbo, G.A.; Romano, G.L.; et al. Does the Timing of Response Impact the Outcome of Relapsed/Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia Treated with Venetoclax in Combination with Hypomethylating Agents? A Proof of Concept from a Monocentric Observational Study. J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14, 5586. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155586
Longo E, Palumbo FE, Duminuco A, Longo L, Vitale DC, Brancati S, Maugeri C, Parisi MS, Palumbo GA, Romano GL, et al. Does the Timing of Response Impact the Outcome of Relapsed/Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia Treated with Venetoclax in Combination with Hypomethylating Agents? A Proof of Concept from a Monocentric Observational Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025; 14(15):5586. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155586
Chicago/Turabian StyleLongo, Ermelinda, Fanny Erika Palumbo, Andrea Duminuco, Laura Longo, Daniela Cristina Vitale, Serena Brancati, Cinzia Maugeri, Marina Silvia Parisi, Giuseppe Alberto Palumbo, Giovanni Luca Romano, and et al. 2025. "Does the Timing of Response Impact the Outcome of Relapsed/Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia Treated with Venetoclax in Combination with Hypomethylating Agents? A Proof of Concept from a Monocentric Observational Study" Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, no. 15: 5586. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155586
APA StyleLongo, E., Palumbo, F. E., Duminuco, A., Longo, L., Vitale, D. C., Brancati, S., Maugeri, C., Parisi, M. S., Palumbo, G. A., Romano, G. L., Drago, F., Di Raimondo, F., Gozzo, L., & Vetro, C. (2025). Does the Timing of Response Impact the Outcome of Relapsed/Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia Treated with Venetoclax in Combination with Hypomethylating Agents? A Proof of Concept from a Monocentric Observational Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(15), 5586. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155586