Surgical Management of Pulmonary Typical Carcinoids: A Single-Centre Experience Comparing Anatomical and Non-Anatomical Resections
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- -
- Non-anatomical resection, including segmentectomies performed for tumors greater than 2 cm in diameter, wedge resections, and bronchotomy with bronchoplasty (with exclusive resection of the bronchial tissue);
- -
- Anatomical resection, including segmentectomy for tumors less than or equal to 2 cm in diameter, lobectomy, pneumonectomy, and sleeve lobectomy.
- -
- Peripheral (in the outer third of the lung);
- -
- Central;
- -
- Endo-peribronchial, defined as any tumour visualized directly during bronchoscopy or in association with lung atelectasis and/or obstructive pneumonia [22] or close to the nearest bronchus at a CT scan.
Statistics
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
TC | Typical carcinoid |
OS | Overall survival |
CCI | Charlson–Deyo comorbidity index |
DFS | Disease-free survival |
L-NETs | Lung neuroendocrine tumors |
WHO | World Health Organization |
AC | Atypical carcinoid |
LCNEC | Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma |
SCLC | Small cell lung cancer |
HPF | High-power fields |
NCCN | National Comprehensive Cancer Network |
ESMO | European Society for Medical Oncology |
IASCL | International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer |
CommNET | Commonwealth Neuroendocrine Tumour Research Collaboration |
NANETS | North American Neuroendocrine Tumour Society |
CT | Computed tomography |
CDCC | Clavien–Dindo Complications Classification |
CSS | Cancer specific survival |
NSCLC | Non-small cell lung cancer |
SEER | Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results |
NET-WG | European Society of Thoracic Surgeon Neuroendocrine Tumours Working Group |
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Entire Population | Stage I Population | |
---|---|---|
Characteristics | Statistics | Statistics |
Age | 63 (13) | 64 (12) |
Gender | ||
M | 31 (27) | 29 (28.4) |
F | 84 (73) | 73 (71.6) |
CCI | 3.6 (1.6) | 3.6 (1.6) |
BMI | 28 (5.1) | 28.3 (5) |
History of smoking | ||
No | 56 (49) | 49 (48) |
Ex | 41 (36) | 38 (37.3) |
Yes | 18 (16) | 15 (14.7) |
Side | ||
Right | 67 (58) | 62 (60.8) |
Left | 48 (42) | 40 (39.2) |
Location of the tumor | ||
Central | 64 (56) | 56 (54.9) |
Peripheral | 51 (44) | 46 (45.1) |
Endo-peribronchial lesion | ||
No | 35 (30) | 30 (29.4) |
Yes | 80 (70) | 72 (70.6) |
Entire Population | Stage I Population | |
---|---|---|
Characteristics | Statistics | Statistics |
Type of resection | ||
Anatomical | 83 (72) | 72 (71) |
Non-anatomical | 32 (28) | 30 (29) |
Type of surgery | ||
Open | 64 (56) | 57 (56) |
Robot | 45 (39) | 39 (38) |
Vats | 6 (5) | 6 (6) |
Post-operative complications | ||
No | 102 (89) | 87 (85) |
Yes | 13 (11) | 15 (15) |
Chest drain duration (days) | 3.7 (2.5) | 3.8 (2.6) |
Hospital stay (days) | 5 (1.7) | 5 (1.7) |
pT stage | ||
1a | 22 (19) | 22 (22) |
1b | 47 (41) | 45 (44) |
1c | 29 (25) | 28 (27) |
2a | 8 (7) | 7 (7) |
2b | 4 (3) | |
3 | 3 (3) | |
4 | 2 (2) | |
pN stage | ||
0 | 111 (97) | 102 (100) |
1 | 4 (3) | |
pStage | ||
IA1 | 22 (19) | 22 (22) |
IA2 | 45 (39) | 45 (44) |
IA3 | 28 (24) | 28 (27) |
IB | 7 (6) | 7 (7) |
IIA | 4 (3) | |
IIB | 7 (6) | |
IIIA | 2 (2) | |
Ki67% | 5.4 (3.5) | 5.1 (3) |
Mitoses | 0.91 (0.4) | 0.9 (0.4) |
Tumor dimension (mm) | 20.5 (12.3) | 18.1 (7.9) |
Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis (Step-Wise Method) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR | 95% CI Lower | 95% CI Upper | p-Value | HR | 95% CI Lower | 95% CI Upper | p-Value | |
Gender: (0) M, (1) F | 0.785 | 0.325 | 1896 | 0.591 | ||||
Age | 1.044 | 1.004 | 1.086 | 0.029 | 0.555 | |||
History of smoking: (0) no, (1) ex, (2) yes | 1.061 | 0.619 | 1.820 | 0.829 | ||||
BMI | 1.028 | 0.954 | 1.108 | 0.465 | ||||
Charlons-Deyo Comorbidity Index | 1.696 | 1.303 | 2.208 | <0.001 | 1.753 | 1.322 | 2.325 | <0.001 |
Side: (0) dx, (1) sx | 1.040 | 0.459 | 2.357 | 0.925 | ||||
Endo-peribronchial lesion: (0) no, (1) si | 0.611 | 0.271 | 1.376 | 0.234 | ||||
Location of the tumor: (0) central, (1) peripheral | 1.740 | 0.778 | 3.891 | 0.177 | ||||
Type of resection: (0) anatomical, (1) nonanatomical | 1.822 | 0.791 | 4.197 | 0.159 | 0.056 | |||
Post-operative complications: (0) no, (1) yes | 1.742 | 0.689 | 4.400 | 0.241 | ||||
Chest drain duration | 0.936 | 0.746 | 1.174 | 0.566 | ||||
Hospital stay | 1.024 | 0.810 | 1.295 | 0.841 | ||||
Mitoses | 0.944 | 0.310 | 2.869 | 0.919 | ||||
Dimension of the tumor | 1.010 | 0.982 | 1.039 | 0.480 | ||||
T | 1.174 | 0.645 | 2.138 | 0.599 | ||||
pStage | 1.244 | 0.504 | 3.070 | 0.636 | ||||
Left lower lobe: (0) no, (1) yes | 2.373 | 1.031 | 5.461 | 0.042 | 2.492 | 1.069 | 5.807 | 0.034 |
Left upper lobe: (0) no, (1) yes | 0.676 | 0.200 | 2.287 | 0.529 | ||||
Right lower lobe: (0) no, (1) yes | 0.737 | 0.251 | 2.164 | 0.578 | ||||
Right upper lobe: (0) no, (1) yes | 1.045 | 0.311 | 3.509 | 0.943 | ||||
Middle lobe: (0) no, (1) yes | 0.641 | 0.237 | 1.729 | 0.379 |
Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis (Step-Wise Method) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR | 95% CI Lower | 95% CI Upper | p-Value | HR | 95% CI Lower | 95% CI Upper | p-Value | |
Gender: (0) M, (1) F | 1.115 | 0.408 | 3.046 | 0.832 | ||||
Age | 1.036 | 0.994 | 1.081 | 0.096 | 0.994 | 0.943 | 1.048 | 0.830 |
History of smoking: (0) no, (1) ex, (2) yes | 1.156 | 0.652 | 2.049 | 0.620 | ||||
BMI | 1.008 | 0.929 | 1.093 | 0.853 | ||||
Charlons-Deyo Comorbidity Index | 1.625 | 1.230 | 2.148 | <0.001 | 1.655 | 1.199 | 2.284 | 0.002 |
Side: (0) dx, (1) sx | 1.259 | 0.527 | 3.008 | 0.605 | ||||
Endo-peribronchial lesion: (0) no, (1) si | 0.605 | 0.255 | 1.440 | 0.256 | ||||
Location of the tumor: (0) central, (1) peripheral | 1.817 | 0.764 | 4.319 | 0.177 | ||||
Type of resection: (0) anatomical, (1) nonanatomical | 1.738 | 0.714 | 4.231 | 0.223 | ||||
Post-operative complications: (0) no, (1) yes | 1.873 | 0.725 | 4.843 | 0.195 | ||||
Chest drain duration | 0.888 | 0.681 | 1.159 | 0.383 | ||||
Hospital stay | 1.013 | 0.787 | 1.306 | 0.917 | ||||
Mitoses | 0.926 | 0.267 | 3.214 | 0.904 | ||||
Dimension of the tumor | 0.994 | 0.942 | 1,.049 | 0.835 | ||||
T | 0.042 | 0.000 | 21.761 | 0.320 | ||||
pStage | ||||||||
Left lower lobe: (0) no, (1) yes | 2.060 | 0.825 | 5.145 | 0.122 | ||||
Left upper lobe: (0) no, (1) yes | 0.539 | 0.124 | 2.343 | 0.409 | ||||
Right lower lobe: (0) no, (1) yes | 0.834 | 0.279 | 2.489 | 0.745 | ||||
Right upper lobe: (0) no, (1) yes | 1.125 | 0.331 | 3.827 | 0.850 | ||||
Middle lobe: (0) no, (1) yes | 0.751 | 0.272 | 2.070 | 0.580 |
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Zirafa, C.C.; Manfredini, B.; Romano, G.; Ceccarelli, I.; Calabrò, F.; Morganti, R.; Alì, G.; Melfi, F.; Davini, F. Surgical Management of Pulmonary Typical Carcinoids: A Single-Centre Experience Comparing Anatomical and Non-Anatomical Resections. J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14, 5488. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155488
Zirafa CC, Manfredini B, Romano G, Ceccarelli I, Calabrò F, Morganti R, Alì G, Melfi F, Davini F. Surgical Management of Pulmonary Typical Carcinoids: A Single-Centre Experience Comparing Anatomical and Non-Anatomical Resections. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025; 14(15):5488. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155488
Chicago/Turabian StyleZirafa, Carmelina Cristina, Beatrice Manfredini, Gaetano Romano, Ilaria Ceccarelli, Fabrizia Calabrò, Riccardo Morganti, Greta Alì, Franca Melfi, and Federico Davini. 2025. "Surgical Management of Pulmonary Typical Carcinoids: A Single-Centre Experience Comparing Anatomical and Non-Anatomical Resections" Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, no. 15: 5488. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155488
APA StyleZirafa, C. C., Manfredini, B., Romano, G., Ceccarelli, I., Calabrò, F., Morganti, R., Alì, G., Melfi, F., & Davini, F. (2025). Surgical Management of Pulmonary Typical Carcinoids: A Single-Centre Experience Comparing Anatomical and Non-Anatomical Resections. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(15), 5488. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155488