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Volume 14
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Background:
Systematic Review

The Potential of Virtual Reality-Based Multisensory Interventions in Enhancing Cognitive Function in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review

by
Maryam Mehrinejad Khotbehsara
1,
Jeffrey Soar
1,
Sachithra Lokuge
1,
Elham Mehrinejad Khotbehsara
2,* and
Wing Keung Ip
3
1
School of Business, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD 4300, Australia
2
School of Engineering, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia
3
School of Culture Community and Health, University of Bedfordshire, Luton LU1 3JU, UK
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(15), 5475; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155475
Submission received: 25 June 2025 / Revised: 25 July 2025 / Accepted: 31 July 2025 / Published: 4 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Neurology)
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Abstract

Background: This systematic review investigates the role of virtual reality (VR)-based multisensory cognitive training in cognitive function, executive function and wayfinding ability among people diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods: The review was carried out using PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar were searched up from inception to February 2025 using terms related to MCI, AD, VR, and cognitive functions. Studies were included if they involved participants with MCI or early AD, used VR-based training, collected baseline data, and reported cognitive outcomes. Results: Nine studies with MCI were included, but no eligible studies focused on AD. Seven out of nine eligible studies in MCI reported significant improvements in global cognitive function (MoCA, CERAD-K, MMSE). Some studies showed improvements in executive function (EXIT-25, TMT-A/B, and SCWT), while others found no significant differences. One study reported improved depression/mental status (GDS, MOSES, QoL-AD). Just one study reported improvement in functional ability (IADL). One study reported enhanced cognition and reduced discomfort (SSQ). VR programs were generally well-tolerated, with no significant adverse events reported. Conclusions: VR shows promise for improving cognitive function in MCI. VR also showed potential benefits in executive function and psychological outcomes like depression and quality of life, though consistency varied.
Keywords: mild cognitive impairment; cognitive function; executive function; virtual reality; functional ability mild cognitive impairment; cognitive function; executive function; virtual reality; functional ability

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MDPI and ACS Style

Mehrinejad Khotbehsara, M.; Soar, J.; Lokuge, S.; Mehrinejad Khotbehsara, E.; Ip, W.K. The Potential of Virtual Reality-Based Multisensory Interventions in Enhancing Cognitive Function in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review. J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14, 5475. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155475

AMA Style

Mehrinejad Khotbehsara M, Soar J, Lokuge S, Mehrinejad Khotbehsara E, Ip WK. The Potential of Virtual Reality-Based Multisensory Interventions in Enhancing Cognitive Function in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025; 14(15):5475. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155475

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mehrinejad Khotbehsara, Maryam, Jeffrey Soar, Sachithra Lokuge, Elham Mehrinejad Khotbehsara, and Wing Keung Ip. 2025. "The Potential of Virtual Reality-Based Multisensory Interventions in Enhancing Cognitive Function in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review" Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, no. 15: 5475. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155475

APA Style

Mehrinejad Khotbehsara, M., Soar, J., Lokuge, S., Mehrinejad Khotbehsara, E., & Ip, W. K. (2025). The Potential of Virtual Reality-Based Multisensory Interventions in Enhancing Cognitive Function in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(15), 5475. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155475

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