Association Between Gum Chewing and Temporomandibular Disorders
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Masticatory Function
1.2. Gum Chewing as a Parafunction
1.3. TMD: Prevalence, Causes, and Diagnosis
1.4. Aim of This Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics Approval
2.2. Study Population
2.3. Study Design
2.4. Questionnaire Content
2.5. Variable Classification
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Main Findings
4.2. High Prevalence of TMD
4.3. Gum Chewing as a Modulating Factor
4.4. Study Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Value | |
---|---|---|
Total number of participants | 66 | |
Age [years] | Range | 19–30 |
Median (IQR) | 23 (23–24) | |
Mean (SD) | 23.44 (1.73) | |
Sex | Female | 41 (62.12%) |
Male | 25 (37.88%) |
Gender | Participants (n) | TMD Overall (n, %) | Muscle-Related TMD (n) | Joint-Related TMD (n) | Combined TMD (n) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female | 41 | 35 (85.37%) | 7 | 8 | 20 |
Male | 25 | 20 (80.00%) | 2 | 6 | 12 |
Total | 66 | 55 (83.33%) | 9 | 14 | 32 |
TMD Subtype | Diagnosis | N |
---|---|---|
Muscle disorders | Myalgia | 18 |
Arthralgia | 1 | |
Other muscle-related diagnosis | 57 | |
No muscle disorder | 56 |
TMD Subtype | Diagnosis | N |
---|---|---|
Joint disorders | Disc displacement with reduction | 19 |
Disc displacement without reduction with limited opening | 1 | |
Disc displacement without reduction without limited opening | 6 | |
Degenerative joint disease | 1 | |
Other joint-related diagnosis | 39 | |
No joint disorder | 66 |
Variable | Group | Answer | Number of Participants | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chewing frequency | Non-systematic | Less often | 4 | 37 | 56.1% |
Once a month | 10 | ||||
Several times a month | 7 | ||||
Once a week | 16 | ||||
Systematic | Several times a week | 15 | 29 | 43.9% | |
Once a day | 3 | ||||
Several times a day | 11 | ||||
Chewing duration | Short chewing | <10 min | 30 | 30 | 45.5% |
Long chewing | 10–30 min | 32 | 36 | 54.5% | |
>30 min | 4 | ||||
Habit chronicity | Short-term | <1 year | 6 | 19 | 28.8% |
1–3 years | 6 | ||||
3–5 years | 7 | ||||
Long-term | >5 years | 47 | 47 | 71.2% |
Variable | Group | N | TMD | OR | 95% CI | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chewing frequency | Non-systematic | 37 | 31 | 1 (ref.) | - | - |
Systematic | 29 | 24 | 0.929 | 0.253–3.412 | 0.912 | |
Chewing duration | Short chewing | 30 | 24 | 1 (ref.) | - | - |
Long chewing | 36 | 31 | 1.550 | 0.422–5.693 | 0.509 | |
Habit chronicity | Short-term | 19 | 17 | 1 (ref.) | - | - |
Long-term | 47 | 38 | 0.497 | 0.097–2.549 | 0.402 |
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Yushchenko, Y.; Zemowski, M.; Yefimchuk, D.; Wieczorek, A. Association Between Gum Chewing and Temporomandibular Disorders. J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14, 5253. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155253
Yushchenko Y, Zemowski M, Yefimchuk D, Wieczorek A. Association Between Gum Chewing and Temporomandibular Disorders. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025; 14(15):5253. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155253
Chicago/Turabian StyleYushchenko, Yana, Michał Zemowski, Daniil Yefimchuk, and Aneta Wieczorek. 2025. "Association Between Gum Chewing and Temporomandibular Disorders" Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, no. 15: 5253. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155253
APA StyleYushchenko, Y., Zemowski, M., Yefimchuk, D., & Wieczorek, A. (2025). Association Between Gum Chewing and Temporomandibular Disorders. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(15), 5253. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155253