Glasgow Coma Scale Score at Admission in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: A Multicenter Observational Analysis
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Data
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Wilcoxon Results
3.3. Kruskal–Wallis
3.4. Spearman Correlations
4. Discussion
5. Strengths and Limitations of the Study
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Category | Mild (n, %) | Moderate (n, %) | Severe (n, %) | Total (n, %) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Female | 35 | 33.02% | 6 | 66.67% | 1 | 25.00% | 42 | 35.29% |
Male | 71 | 66.98% | 3 | 33.33% | 3 | 75.00% | 77 | 64.71% | |
Education | University (13+ years) | 58 | 54.72% | 1 | 11.11% | 0 | 0.00% | 59 | 49.58% |
High School (9–12 years) | 26 | 24.53% | 2 | 22.22% | 1 | 25.00% | 29 | 24.37% | |
Unknown | 14 | 13.21% | 3 | 33.33% | 2 | 50.00% | 19 | 15.97% | |
Secondary School (5–8 years) | 3 | 2.83% | 3 | 33.33% | 0 | 0.00% | 6 | 5.04% | |
Primary School (1–4 years) | 3 | 2.83% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 3 | 2.52% | |
No Formal Education | 2 | 1.89% | 0 | 0.00% | 1 | 25.00% | 3 | 2.52% | |
Employment | Employed | 24 | 22.64% | 0 | 0.00% | 2 | 50.00% | 26 | 21.85% |
Retired | 64 | 60.38% | 7 | 77.78% | 0 | 0.00% | 71 | 59.66% | |
Unknown | 9 | 8.49% | 1 | 11.11% | 1 | 25.00% | 11 | 9.24% | |
Other | 2 | 1.89% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 2 | 1.68% | |
Unemployed | 7 | 6.60% | 1 | 11.11% | 1 | 25.00% | 9 | 7.56% | |
Marital status | Married | 49 | 46.23% | 4 | 44.44% | 1 | 25.00% | 54 | 45.38% |
Single | 19 | 17.92% | 2 | 22.22% | 1 | 25.00% | 22 | 18.49% | |
Unknown | 14 | 13.21% | 2 | 22.22% | 2 | 50.00% | 18 | 15.13% | |
Living Together | 2 | 1.89% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 2 | 1.68% | |
Separated | 3 | 2.83% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 3 | 2.52% | |
Widowed | 19 | 17.92% | 1 | 11.11% | 0 | 0.00% | 20 | 16.81% | |
Residence | Urban | 75 | 70.75% | 9 | 100.00% | 3 | 75.00% | 87 | 73.11% |
Rural | 31 | 29.25% | 0 | 0.00% | 1 | 25.00% | 32 | 26.89% | |
Post-traumatic amnesia | No | 78 | 73.58% | 6 | 66.67% | 2 | 50.00% | 86 | 72.27% |
Yes | 28 | 26.42% | 3 | 33.33% | 2 | 50.00% | 33 | 27.73% | |
Place of injury | Home | 69 | 65.09% | 7 | 77.78% | 0 | 0.00% | 76 | 63.87% |
Work | 1 | 0.94% | 0 | 0.00% | 1 | 25.00% | 2 | 1.68% | |
Other | 7 | 6.60% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 7 | 5.88% | |
Street | 28 | 26.42% | 2 | 22.22% | 3 | 75.00% | 33 | 27.73% | |
Sports Facility | 1 | 0.94% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 1 | 0.84% | |
Cause of injury | Fall | 80 | 75.47% | 8 | 88.89% | 3 | 75.00% | 91 | 76.47% |
Other | 2 | 1.89% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 2 | 1.68% | |
Aggression | 3 | 2.83% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 3 | 2.52% | |
Road Traffic Accident | 21 | 19.81% | 1 | 11.11% | 1 | 25.00% | 23 | 19.33% | |
Mechanism injury | Fall From Height > 1 m (3ft) | 16 | 15.09% | 2 | 22.22% | 0 | 0.00% | 18 | 15.13% |
Ground-level Fall | 65 | 61.32% | 5 | 55.56% | 2 | 50.00% | 72 | 60.50% | |
Other Non-penetrating TBIs | 1 | 0.94% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 1 | 0.84% | |
Direct Impact: Blow To the Head | 4 | 3.77% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 4 | 3.36% | |
Missing Data | 3 | 2.83% | 1 | 11.11% | 0 | 0.00% | 4 | 3.36% | |
Acceleration/Deceleration | 4 | 3.77% | 1 | 11.11% | 0 | 0.00% | 5 | 4.20% | |
Crush | 1 | 0.94% | 0 | 0.00% | 1 | 25.00% | 2 | 1.68% | |
Direct Impact: Head Against an Object | 12 | 11.32% | 0 | 0.00% | 1 | 25.00% | 13 | 10.92% | |
Type of injury | Closed | 104 | 98.11% | 8 | 88.89% | 2 | 50.00% | 114 | 95.80% |
Penetrating | 1 | 0.94% | 0 | 0.00% | 1 | 25.00% | 2 | 1.68% | |
Crush | 1 | 0.94% | 1 | 11.11% | 1 | 25.00% | 3 | 2.52% | |
Modified Marshall Score | II | 91 | 85.85% | 7 | 77.78% | 2 | 50.00% | 100 | 84.03% |
III | 7 | 6.60% | 1 | 11.11% | 1 | 25.00% | 9 | 7.56% | |
I | 7 | 6.60% | 1 | 11.11% | 0 | 0.00% | 8 | 6.72% | |
IV | 1 | 0.94% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 1 | 0.84% | |
V | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 1 | 25.00% | 1 | 0.84% | |
Discharge status | Alive | 100 | 94.34% | 4 | 44.44% | 3 | 75.00% | 107 | 89.92% |
Dead | 6 | 5.66% | 5 | 55.56% | 1 | 25.00% | 12 | 10.08% | |
Discharge to | Home | 98 | 92.45% | 4 | 44.44% | 2 | 50.00% | 104 | 87.39% |
Another Hospital | 1 | 0.94% | 0 | 0.00% | 1 | 25.00% | 2 | 1.68% | |
Other | 6 | 5.66% | 5 | 55.56% | 1 | 25.00% | 12 | 10.08% | |
Rehabilitation | 1 | 0.94% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 1 | 0.84% |
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Vadan, I.-M.; Grad, D.; Strilciuc, S.; Stefanescu, E.; Verisezan Rosu, O.; Michalak, M.; Blesneag, A.V.; Muresanu, D. Glasgow Coma Scale Score at Admission in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: A Multicenter Observational Analysis. J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14, 5195. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155195
Vadan I-M, Grad D, Strilciuc S, Stefanescu E, Verisezan Rosu O, Michalak M, Blesneag AV, Muresanu D. Glasgow Coma Scale Score at Admission in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: A Multicenter Observational Analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025; 14(15):5195. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155195
Chicago/Turabian StyleVadan, Iulia-Maria, Diana Grad, Stefan Strilciuc, Emanuel Stefanescu, Olivia Verisezan Rosu, Marcin Michalak, Alina Vasilica Blesneag, and Dafin Muresanu. 2025. "Glasgow Coma Scale Score at Admission in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: A Multicenter Observational Analysis" Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, no. 15: 5195. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155195
APA StyleVadan, I.-M., Grad, D., Strilciuc, S., Stefanescu, E., Verisezan Rosu, O., Michalak, M., Blesneag, A. V., & Muresanu, D. (2025). Glasgow Coma Scale Score at Admission in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: A Multicenter Observational Analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(15), 5195. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155195