Burnout or Depression? Investigating Conceptual and Empirical Distinctions in a High-Stress Occupational Group
Abstract
:1. Background
1.1. Conceptualization of Job Burnout
1.2. Conceptualization of (Clinical) Depression
1.3. Distinction Between or Overlap of Job Burnout and Depression? Theoretical Debate
1.4. Distinction Between or Overlap of Job Burnout and Depression? A Review of the Evidence
1.5. Occupational Stress and Its Consequences (Including Burnout and Depression) in Police Officers
1.6. Contribution of the Presented Study
2. Method
2.1. Instruments
2.2. Participants
2.3. Procedure
3. Results
3.1. The Factorial Validity of Burnout and Depression
3.2. Internal Validity of Burnout and Depression
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Item | Factor Loading | |
---|---|---|
1 | 2 | |
Factor 1: Reversed items 3 (α = 0.86) | ||
OLBI8r | 0.81 | 0.00 |
OLBI4r | 0.78 | −0.07 |
OLBI3r | 0.74 | 0.03 |
OLBI12r | 0.70 | 0.06 |
OLBI9r | 0.69 | 0.00 |
OLBI2r | 0.66 | −0.11 |
OLBI11r | 0.51 | 0.10 |
OLBI6r | 0.42 | 0.02 |
Factor 2: Non-reversed items (α = 0.80) | ||
OLBI16 | 0.10 | 0.69 |
OLBI7 | 0.04 | 0.69 |
OLBI1 | 0.00 | 0.65 |
OLBI15 | −0.08 | 0.64 |
OLBI14 | −0.04 | 0.58 |
OLBI5 | 0.03 | 0.53 |
OLBI13 | −0.07 | 0.42 |
OLBI10 | 0.13 | 0.41 |
% of variance | 32.64% | 7.97% |
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Construct | N | Min | Max | M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Burnout—general | 9705 | 8.00 | 64.00 | 40.17 | 8.94 | - | 0.93 *** | 0.94 *** | 0.56 *** |
2. Burnout—Disengagement | 9705 | 2.00 | 32.00 | 19.86 | 4.69 | 0.93 *** | - | 0.74 *** | 0.47 *** |
3. Burnout—Exhaustion | 9705 | 4.00 | 32.00 | 20.31 | 4.91 | 0.94 *** | 0.74 *** | - | 0.56 *** |
4. Depression | 9698 | 0.00 | 60.00 | 14.59 | 11.38 | 0.56 *** | 0.47 *** | 0.56 *** | - |
Models | Χ2 | df | P | Χ2/df | RMSEA | PCLOSE | SRMR | IFI | AIC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model—“Burnout”—two-factorial | |||||||||
Model—“Burnout”— Simple CFA | 12,379.19 | 103 | <0.001 | 120.19 | 0.11 | 0.000 | 0.08 | 0.77 | 12,477.19 |
Model—“Burnout”— CFA with modification indices | 7001.07 | 93 | <0.001 | 75.28 | 0.09 | 0.000 | 0.07 | 0.87 | 7119.07 |
Model—“Burnout”—one-factorial | |||||||||
Model—“Burnout”— Simple CFA | 12,485.36 | 104 | <0.001 | 120.05 | 0.11 | 0.000 | 0.08 | 0.77 | 12,581.53 |
Model—“Burnout”— CFA with modification indices | 4243.00 | 86 | <0.001 | 49.34 | 0.07 | 0.000 | 0.06 | 0.92 | 4375.00 |
Model—“Depression” | |||||||||
Model—“Depression”— Simple CFA | 13,514.71 | 170 | <0.001 | 79.50 | 0.09 | 0.000 | 0.06 | 0.88 | 13,634.71 |
Model—“Depression”— CFA with modification indices | 5663.03 | 161 | <0.001 | 35.17 | 0.06 | 0.000 | 0.03 | 0.95 | 5801.03 |
Models | Χ2 | df | P | Χ2/df | RMSEA | PCLOSE | SRMR | IFI | AIC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | |||||||||
Model 1—Simple CFA | 52,365.66 | 594 | <0.001 | 88.16 | 0.10 | 0.000 | 0.10 | 0.70 | 52,581.66 |
Model 1— CFA with modification indices | 34,507.65 | 586 | <0.001 | 58.89 | 0.08 | 0.000 | 0.09 | 0.80 | 34,739.65 |
Model 2 | |||||||||
Model 2—Simple CFA | 29,460.04 | 591 | <0.001 | 49.85 | 0.07 | 0.000 | 0.07 | 0.83 | 29,682.04 |
Model 2— CFA with modification indices | 21,315.71 | 584 | <0.001 | 36.50 | 0.06 | 0.000 | 0.07 | 0.88 | 21,551.71 |
Model 3 | |||||||||
Model 3—Simple CFA | 29,638.35 | 593 | <0.001 | 49.98 | 0.07 | 0.000 | 0.07 | 0.83 | 29,856.35 |
Model 3— CFA with modification indices | 20,218.46 | 586 | <0.001 | 34.50 | 0.06 | 0.000 | 0.07 | 0.89 | 20,450.46 |
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Baka, Ł.; Prusik, M.; Grala, K. Burnout or Depression? Investigating Conceptual and Empirical Distinctions in a High-Stress Occupational Group. J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14, 4036. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14124036
Baka Ł, Prusik M, Grala K. Burnout or Depression? Investigating Conceptual and Empirical Distinctions in a High-Stress Occupational Group. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025; 14(12):4036. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14124036
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaka, Łukasz, Monika Prusik, and Krzysztof Grala. 2025. "Burnout or Depression? Investigating Conceptual and Empirical Distinctions in a High-Stress Occupational Group" Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, no. 12: 4036. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14124036
APA StyleBaka, Ł., Prusik, M., & Grala, K. (2025). Burnout or Depression? Investigating Conceptual and Empirical Distinctions in a High-Stress Occupational Group. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(12), 4036. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14124036