The Effectiveness and Validity of Inspiratory Muscle Training in the Training Process of Disabled Swimmers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- −
- Group I (IMT group)→Competitors training according to the standard swimming training model and additionally supplemented with medium-intensity inspiratory muscle training at a load level of 50% of the MIP.
- −
- Group II (sham-IMT group)→Competitors training according to the standard swimming training model and additionally supplemented with low-intensity inspiratory muscle training at a load level of 15% of the MIP, in accordance with the literature indicating the need to use a minimum load in the control group, meeting the time requirements of the training used in both groups [17].
2.1. Swimming Test
- −
- Level I—swimming 3 times the distance of 100 m in the starting time, i.e., approximately 77% in relation to the best result obtained in the competition in a given training period. Exercise at this level can be treated as a warm-up for the stimulation of individual functional mechanisms of the body for further work.
- −
- Level II—swimming 2 sections of 100 m with an intensity of approximately 83% in relation to the best result.
- −
- Level III—swimming 100 m at a speed of 88% of the maximum speed.
- −
- Level IV—swimming 100 m at a speed of 93% of the maximum speed.
- −
- Level V—swimming 100 m at the maximum intensity.
2.2. Intervention
2.3. Sports Training Program
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- Inspiratory muscle training at 50% MIP significantly reduced the fatigue response to exercise as assessed by the Borg scale.
- Inspiratory muscle training a higher-intensity training (50% MIP) level significantly improved the training level of the swimmers tested, which was associated with an increase in swimming distance. The results obtained confirm the validity of inspiratory muscle training among athletes with disabilities. The introduction of higher-intensity inspiratory muscle training significantly reduced the level of blood lactate formation in the progressive test, which authenticates the validity of an additional supplementation of the preparation of athletes with this type of training.
- Higher-intensity training (50% MIP) significantly reduced the heart rate in the 8 × 100 progressive test at 88% and 93% of the maximum speed, thus improving the aerobic endurance of the athletes.
- The use of inspiratory muscle training at 50% MIP effectively improved the training level and physiological parameters of the swimmers’ effort. This indicates the need to include this type of training in the standard of competitive preparation of athletes with disabilities.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
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Variable | Group I n = 8 | Group II n = 8 | t/χ2 | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age [years] | 16.75 ± 2.66 | 17.88 ± 4.39 | −0.62 | 0.5452 |
Body mass [kg] | 61.75 ± 11.18 | 61.38 ± 13.71 | 0.06 | 0.9530 |
Body height [m] | 1.77 ± 0.09 | 1.69 ± 0.09 | 1.62 | 0.1278 |
BMI [kg/m2] | 19.68 ± 1.76 | 21.24 ± 3.39 | −1.16 | 0.2666 |
Sports experience [years] | 8 ± 3 | 7 ± 2 | 1.08 | 0.2036 |
Sports achievements | World Cup medallist, senior men’s MP medallist—n = 7 finalist of Tokyo IP, 5th place at Senior World Championships in 400 m freestyle—n = 1 participant of Tokio IP—n = 1 | World Cup medallist, senior men’s MP medallist—n = 7 participant in Tokyo IP, World Cup medallist—n = 1 Participant of Senior Men’s European Championships in 202—n = 1 Participant of Tokio IP—n = 1 | - | - |
Swim class | S10—n = 5 S9—n = 3 SB10—n = 4 SB9—n = 2 SB8—n = 2 SM10—n = 5 SM9—n = 3 | S10—n = 1 S9—n = 4 S8—n = 1 S7—n = 2 SB9—n = 3 SB8—n = 3 SB6—n = 2 SM10—n = 1 SM9—n = 4 SM8—n = 1 SM7—n = 2 | 1901 | - |
Type of dysfunction (disability) |
|
| 3279 | - |
Training Week | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Training load (cm H2O) | 20% MIP | 30% MIP | 30% MIP | 40% MIP | 40% MIP | 50% MIP | 50% MIP | 50% MIP |
Training session [seriesxnumber of breaths] | 2 × 30 | 2 × 30 | 2 × 30 | 2 × 30 | 2 × 30 | 2 × 30 | 2 × 30 | 2 × 30 |
Training Week | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Training load (cm H2O) | 15% MIP | |||||||
Training session [seriesnumber of breaths] | 1 × 60 |
Variables | Test I | Test II | Test III | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group I | Group II | Group I | Group II | Group I | Group II | |
MIP [kPa] | 10.38 ± 2.49 | 9.86 ± 3.17 | 14.21 ± 2.97 | 9.76 ± 2.93 | 12.77 ± 3.16 | 9.61 ± 2.85 |
MIP [%] | 96.37 ± 21.31 | 96.35 ± 18.24 | 132.03 ± 25.24 | 94.95 ± 14.94 | 118.96 ± 25.92 | 93.95 ± 14.29 |
MEP [kPa] | 10.87 ± 2.35 | 9.25 ± 3.84 | 13.06 ± 2.57 | 9.43 ± 4.38 | 12.58 ± 3.80 | 9.26 ± 4.21 |
MEP [%] | 80.70 ± 13.92 | 72.52 ± 23.55 | 98.60 ± 23.43 | 73.76 ± 27.02 | 94.55 ± 24.70 | 72.66 ± 25.68 |
Variables | Tests I–II in Group I | Tests I–II in Group II | Tests I–III in Group I | Tests I–III in Group II | Tests II–III in Group I | Tests II–III in Group II | Tests II–III in Group II | Test II in Group I and Test II in Group II | Test III in Group I and Test III in Group II |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MIP [kPa] | 0.0000 | 0.8559 | 0.0001 | 0.6413 | 0.0121 | 0.7757 | 0.7258 | 0.0076 | 0.0460 |
MIP [%] | 0.0000 | 0.7832 | 0.0001 | 0.6381 | 0.0152 | 0.8447 | 0.9985 | 0.0018 | 0.0244 |
MEP [kPa] | 0.0081 | 0.8105 | 0.0340 | 0.9846 | 0.5388 | 0.8255 | 0.3816 | 0.0598 | 0.0825 |
MEP [%] | 0.0061 | 0.8380 | 0.0295 | 0.9808 | 0.5067 | 0.8568 | 0.4930 | 0.0466 | 0.0765 |
Variables | Test I | Test II | Test III | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group I | Group II | Group I | Group II | Group I | Group II | |
T-30 [m] | 1902.50 ± 187.45 | 1643.75 ± 461.33 | 1960.00 ± 207.83 | 1635.63 ± 399.12 | 1940.00 ± 204.28 | 1632.50 ± 401.17 |
Borg scale—RPE scale | 12.88 ± 0.99 | 13.13 ± 1.13 | 11.88 ± 1.13 | 13.50 ± 1.2 | 12.00 ± 0.93 | 13.88 ± 1.13 |
La [mmol] d-77% | 4.05 ± 2.17 | 3.54 ± 1.39 | 3.69 ± 1.99 | 3.74 ± 1.09 | 4.00 ± 2.11 | 3.65 ± 1.30 |
La [mmol] d-83% | 4.99 ± 2.97 | 3.91 ± 1.77 | 4.81 ± 2.93 | 4.19 ± 1.69 | 4.91 ± 2.93 | 4.09 ± 1.60 |
La [mmol] d-88% | 5.95 ± 2.99 | 4.55 ± 1.57 | 5.69 ± 2.82 | 4.69 ± 1.46 | 5.80 ± 2.94 | 4.64 ± 1.56 |
La [mmol] d-93% | 9.96 ± 3.54 | 7.10 ± 1.85 | 9.83 ± 3.38 | 7.10 ± 1.81 | 9.89 ± 3.47 | 7.23 ± 1.90 |
La [mmol] d-100% | 15.91 ± 2.51 | 15.59 ± 2.59 | 15.74 ± 2.40 | 15.70 ± 2.58 | 15.84 ± 2.44 | 15.71 ± 2.60 |
HR d-77% | 122.50 ± 9.55 | 121.88 ± 13.83 | 121.25 ± 8.78 | 125.50 ± 8.88 | 123.00 ± 8.57 | 123.88 ± 12.30 |
HR d-83% | 140.25 ± 6.71 | 134.38 ± 9.97 | 138.25 ± 7.03 | 137.63 ± 8.96 | 146.88 ± 21.64 | 135.63 ± 8.48 |
HR d-88% | 150.00 ± 7.87 | 143.00 ± 8.32 | 148.38 ± 7.42 | 143.75 ± 8.10 | 148.75 ± 7.89 | 143.88 ± 8.43 |
HR d-93% | 163.00 ± 9.96 | 158.25 ± 11.59 | 162.00 ± 9.47 | 159.25 ± 11.65 | 162.25 ± 9.60 | 159.25 ± 11.65 |
HR d-100% | 180.88 ± 8.29 | 183.63 ± 8.93 | 179.88 ± 7.74 | 183.88 ± 7.70 | 180.13 ± 8.37 | 184.63 ± 9.24 |
Variables | Tests I–II in Group I | Tests I–II in Group II | Tests I–III in Group I | Tests I–III in Group II | Tests II–III in Group I | Tests II–III in Group II | Test I in Group I and Test I in Group II | Test II in Group I and Test II in Group II | Test III in Group I and Test III in Group II |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T-30 (1) [m] | 0.0020 | 0.6337 | 0.0344 | 0.5101 | 0.2455 | 0.8543 | 0.1388 | 0.0691 | 0.0831 |
Borg RPE scale | 0.0054 | 0.2680 | 0.0135 | 0.0318 | 0.7092 | 0.2680 | 0.6493 | 0.0064 | 0.0021 |
La (1) [mmol] d-77% | 0.0006 | 0.0409 | 0.5963 | 0.2380 | 0.0023 | 0.3564 | 0.5627 | 0.9547 | 0.6917 |
La (1) [mmol] d-83% | 0.0259 | 0.0009 | 0.3221 | 0.0259 | 0.1897 | 0.1897 | 0.3852 | 0.6104 | 0.5027 |
La (1) [mmol] d-88% | 0.0001 | 0.0252 | 0.0154 | 0.1434 | 0.0631 | 0.3969 | 0.2490 | 0.4048 | 0.3349 |
La (1) [mmol] d-93% | 0.0089 | 1.0000 | 0.1361 | 0.0162 | 0.2114 | 0.0162 | 0.0585 | 0.0700 | 0.0760 |
La (1) [mmol] d-100% | 0.0043 | 0.0552 | 0.1930 | 0.0345 | 0.0862 | 0.8257 | 0.8002 | 0.9767 | 0.9224 |
HR (1) d-77% | 0.3030 | 0.0050 | 0.6779 | 0.1043 | 0.1529 | 0.1834 | 0.9069 | 0.4314 | 0.8700 |
HR (1) d-83% | 0.6536 | 0.4671 | 0.1441 | 0.7789 | 0.0605 | 0.6536 | 0.3210 | 0.9152 | 0.0627 |
HR(1) d-88% | 0.0000 | 0.0307 | 0.0007 | 0.0129 | 0.2649 | 0.7074 | 0.1022 | 0.2674 | 0.2435 |
HR(1) d-93% | 0.0015 | 0.0015 | 0.0132 | 0.0015 | 0.3853 | 1.0000 | 0.3894 | 0.6151 | 0.5837 |
HR(1) d-100% | 0.0608 | 0.6290 | 0.1539 | 0.0608 | 0.6290 | 0.1539 | 0.5229 | 0.3566 | 0.3016 |
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Okrzymowska, P.; Seidel, W.; Rozek-Piechura, K. The Effectiveness and Validity of Inspiratory Muscle Training in the Training Process of Disabled Swimmers. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 5365. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13185365
Okrzymowska P, Seidel W, Rozek-Piechura K. The Effectiveness and Validity of Inspiratory Muscle Training in the Training Process of Disabled Swimmers. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(18):5365. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13185365
Chicago/Turabian StyleOkrzymowska, Paulina, Wojciech Seidel, and Krystyna Rozek-Piechura. 2024. "The Effectiveness and Validity of Inspiratory Muscle Training in the Training Process of Disabled Swimmers" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 18: 5365. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13185365
APA StyleOkrzymowska, P., Seidel, W., & Rozek-Piechura, K. (2024). The Effectiveness and Validity of Inspiratory Muscle Training in the Training Process of Disabled Swimmers. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(18), 5365. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13185365