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Article

Comparison of Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics in Lupus Nephritis vs. Non-Lupus Nephritis Patients—A Comprehensive Retrospective Analysis Based on 921 Patients

by
Joanna Kosałka-Węgiel
1,2,*,
Radosław Dziedzic
3,
Andżelika Siwiec-Koźlik
2,
Magdalena Spałkowska
4,
Mamert Milewski
2,
Anita Wach
2,
Lech Zaręba
5,
Stanisława Bazan-Socha
2,6 and
Mariusz Korkosz
1,2
1
Jagiellonian University Medical College, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Jakubowskiego 2, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
2
University Hospital, Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Internal Medicine, Jakubowskiego 2, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
3
Jagiellonian University Medical College, Doctoral School of Medical and Health Sciences, Św. Łazarza 16, 31-530 Kraków, Poland
4
Jagiellonian University Medical College, Department of Dermatology, Botaniczna 3, 31-501 Kraków, Poland
5
University of Rzeszów, College of Natural Sciences, Institute of Computer Science, Pigonia 1, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland
6
Jagiellonian University Medical College, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jakubowskiego 2, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(15), 4486; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13154486
Submission received: 1 July 2024 / Revised: 28 July 2024 / Accepted: 29 July 2024 / Published: 31 July 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Background: Lupus nephritis (LN) is an inflammation of the kidneys that is related to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This study aimed to evaluate the differences in clinical and laboratory characteristics between LN and non-LN SLE patients. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of medical records collected from SLE patients treated at the University Hospital in Kraków, Poland, from 2012 to 2022. All patients met the 2019 European League Against Rheumatism and the American College of Rheumatology (EULAR/ACR) criteria for SLE. Results: Among 921 SLE patients, LN was documented in 331 (35.94%). LN patients were younger at SLE diagnosis (29 vs. 37 years; p < 0.001) and had a male proportion that was 2.09 times higher than the non-LN group (16.62% vs. 7.97%; p < 0.001). They were more often diagnosed with serositis and hematological or neurological involvement (p < 0.001 for all). Hypertension and hypercholesterolemia occurred more frequently in these patients (p < 0.001 for both). LN patients exhibited a higher frequency of anti-dsDNA, anti-histone, and anti-nucleosome antibodies (p < 0.001 for all). Conversely, the non-LN group had a 1.24-fold (95% CI: 1.03–1.50; p = 0.021) increase in the odds ratio of having positive anti-cardiolipin IgM antibody results. LN patients were more frequently treated with immunosuppressants. The risk factors for experiencing at least three LN flares included female sex, younger age at the onset of LN or SLE, LN occurring later than SLE onset, the presence of anti-nucleosome or anti-dsDNA antibodies, and certain SLE manifestations such as myalgia, arthritis, proteinuria > 3.5 g/day, and pathological urinary casts in the urine sediment. Conclusions: LN patients differ from non-LN patients in the age of SLE diagnosis, treatment modalities, and autoantibody profile and have more frequent, severe manifestations of SLE. However, we still need more prospective studies to understand the diversity of LN and its progression in SLE patients.
Keywords: systemic lupus erythematosus; lupus nephritis; prognostic factors; EULAR/ACR; ISN/RPS systemic lupus erythematosus; lupus nephritis; prognostic factors; EULAR/ACR; ISN/RPS

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MDPI and ACS Style

Kosałka-Węgiel, J.; Dziedzic, R.; Siwiec-Koźlik, A.; Spałkowska, M.; Milewski, M.; Wach, A.; Zaręba, L.; Bazan-Socha, S.; Korkosz, M. Comparison of Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics in Lupus Nephritis vs. Non-Lupus Nephritis Patients—A Comprehensive Retrospective Analysis Based on 921 Patients. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 4486. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13154486

AMA Style

Kosałka-Węgiel J, Dziedzic R, Siwiec-Koźlik A, Spałkowska M, Milewski M, Wach A, Zaręba L, Bazan-Socha S, Korkosz M. Comparison of Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics in Lupus Nephritis vs. Non-Lupus Nephritis Patients—A Comprehensive Retrospective Analysis Based on 921 Patients. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(15):4486. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13154486

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kosałka-Węgiel, Joanna, Radosław Dziedzic, Andżelika Siwiec-Koźlik, Magdalena Spałkowska, Mamert Milewski, Anita Wach, Lech Zaręba, Stanisława Bazan-Socha, and Mariusz Korkosz. 2024. "Comparison of Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics in Lupus Nephritis vs. Non-Lupus Nephritis Patients—A Comprehensive Retrospective Analysis Based on 921 Patients" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 15: 4486. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13154486

APA Style

Kosałka-Węgiel, J., Dziedzic, R., Siwiec-Koźlik, A., Spałkowska, M., Milewski, M., Wach, A., Zaręba, L., Bazan-Socha, S., & Korkosz, M. (2024). Comparison of Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics in Lupus Nephritis vs. Non-Lupus Nephritis Patients—A Comprehensive Retrospective Analysis Based on 921 Patients. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(15), 4486. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13154486

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