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Review

Advancements in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Imaging and Future Frontiers

by
Luigi Asmundo
1,2,
Francesco Rizzetto
1,3,*,
Michael Blake
2,
Mark Anderson
2,
Amirkasra Mojtahed
2,
William Bradley
2,
Anuradha Shenoy-Bhangle
2,
Carlos Fernandez-del Castillo
4,
Motaz Qadan
4,
Cristina Ferrone
5,
Jeffrey Clark
6,
Valentina Ambrosini
7,8,
Maria Picchio
9,
Paola Mapelli
9,
Laura Evangelista
10,
Doris Leithner
11,
Konstantin Nikolaou
12,
Stephan Ursprung
12,
Stefano Fanti
7,8,
Angelo Vanzulli
3,13 and
Onofrio Antonio Catalano
2,*add Show full author list remove Hide full author list
1
Postgraduation School in Radiodiagnostics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milan, Italy
2
Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
3
Department of Radiology, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162 Milan, Italy
4
Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
5
Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
6
Department of Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
7
Nuclear Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
8
Nuclear Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
9
Department of Nuclear Medicine, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
10
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy
11
Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
12
Department of Radiology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Osianderstraße 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
13
Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milan, Italy
 
add Show full affiliation list
 
remove Hide full affiliation list
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(11), 3281; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13113281
Submission received: 27 April 2024 / Revised: 23 May 2024 / Accepted: 30 May 2024 / Published: 2 June 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Nuclear Medicine & Radiology)
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Abstract

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a diverse group of tumors with varying clinical behaviors. Their incidence has risen due to increased awareness, improved diagnostics, and aging populations. The 2019 World Health Organization classification emphasizes integrating radiology and histopathology to characterize NENs and create personalized treatment plans. Imaging methods like CT, MRI, and PET/CT are crucial for detection, staging, treatment planning, and monitoring, but each of them poses different interpretative challenges and none are immune to pitfalls. Treatment options include surgery, targeted therapies, and chemotherapy, based on the tumor type, stage, and patient-specific factors. This review aims to provide insights into the latest developments and challenges in NEN imaging, diagnosis, and management.
Keywords: neuroendocrine neoplasms; response criteria; CT; MRI; PET/CT; PET/MRI neuroendocrine neoplasms; response criteria; CT; MRI; PET/CT; PET/MRI

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Asmundo, L.; Rizzetto, F.; Blake, M.; Anderson, M.; Mojtahed, A.; Bradley, W.; Shenoy-Bhangle, A.; Fernandez-del Castillo, C.; Qadan, M.; Ferrone, C.; et al. Advancements in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Imaging and Future Frontiers. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 3281. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13113281

AMA Style

Asmundo L, Rizzetto F, Blake M, Anderson M, Mojtahed A, Bradley W, Shenoy-Bhangle A, Fernandez-del Castillo C, Qadan M, Ferrone C, et al. Advancements in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Imaging and Future Frontiers. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(11):3281. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13113281

Chicago/Turabian Style

Asmundo, Luigi, Francesco Rizzetto, Michael Blake, Mark Anderson, Amirkasra Mojtahed, William Bradley, Anuradha Shenoy-Bhangle, Carlos Fernandez-del Castillo, Motaz Qadan, Cristina Ferrone, and et al. 2024. "Advancements in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Imaging and Future Frontiers" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 11: 3281. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13113281

APA Style

Asmundo, L., Rizzetto, F., Blake, M., Anderson, M., Mojtahed, A., Bradley, W., Shenoy-Bhangle, A., Fernandez-del Castillo, C., Qadan, M., Ferrone, C., Clark, J., Ambrosini, V., Picchio, M., Mapelli, P., Evangelista, L., Leithner, D., Nikolaou, K., Ursprung, S., Fanti, S., ... Catalano, O. A. (2024). Advancements in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Imaging and Future Frontiers. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(11), 3281. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13113281

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