Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Local Ablative Therapies for the Treatment of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors and Cystic Lesions: A Review of the Current Literature
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Clinical Definitions and Classification of Pancreatic Lesions
2.1. Definitons and Classification of PCNs
2.2. Definitons and Classification of pNETs
3. Clinical Rationale for EUS-Guided Local Ablative Therapy
3.1. Clinical Rationale for EUS-Guided Local Ablative Therapy of PCNs
3.2. Clinical Rationale for EUS-Guided Local Ablative Therapy of pNETs/Insulinomas
4. Mechanisms of Action for Select EUS-Guided Local Ablative Therapies
4.1. Mechanisms of EUS-Guided EA
4.2. Mechanisms of EUS-Guided Intratumoral Drug Delivery
4.3. Mechanisms of EUS-Guided RFA
5. Clinical Applications of EUS-Guided Ablative Therapies for Pancreatic Pathology: A Summary of Reviewed Studies
5.1. EUS-Guided EA for the Treatment of PCNs
5.2. EUS-Guided Intratumoral Drug Delivery for the Treatment of PCNs
5.3. EUS-Guided RFA for the Treatment of PCNs
5.4. EUS-Guided EA for the Treatment of pNETs
5.5. EUS-Guided RFA for the Treatment of pNETs
6. Complications of EUS-Guided Local Ablative Therapies
7. Limitations in EUS-Guided Local Ablative Therapies for Pancreatic Pathology
8. New Horizons: Future Applications of EUS-Guided Local Ablation
8.1. New Ablative Techniques to Address Pancreatic Pathology
8.2. Growing Pathologic Scope of EUS-Guided Ablative Application
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Kahl, S.; Glasbrenner, B.; Zimmermann, S.; Malfertheiner, P. Endoscopic ultrasound in pancreatic diseases. Dig. Dis. 2002, 20, 120–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mekky, M.A.; Abbas, W.A. Endoscopic ultrasound in gastroenterology: From diagnosis to therapeutic implications. World J. Gastroenterol. 2014, 20, 7801–7807. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Saraireh, H.A.; Bilal, M.; Singh, S. Role of endoscopic ultrasound in liver disease: Where do we stand in 2017? World J. Hepatol. 2017, 9, 1013–1021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gonzalo-Marin, J.; Vila, J.J.; Perez-Miranda, M. Role of endoscopic ultrasound in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. World J. Gastrointest. Oncol. 2014, 6, 360–368. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gan, S.I.; Thompson, C.C.; Lauwers, G.Y.; Bounds, B.C.; Brugge, W.R. Ethanol lavage of pancreatic cystic lesions: Initial pilot study. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2005, 61, 746–752. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oh, H.-C.; Seo, D.W.; Song, T.J.; Moon, S.; Park, D.H.; Lee, S.S.; Lee, S.K.; Kim, M.; Kim, J. Endoscopic ultrasonography-guided ethanol lavage with paclitaxel injection treats patients with pancreatic cysts. Gastroenterology 2011, 140, 172–179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oh, H.-C.; Seo, D.W.; Lee, T.Y.; Kim, J.Y.; Lee, S.S.; Lee, S.K.; Kim, M.-H. New treatment for cystic tumors of the pancreas: EUS-guided ethanol lavage with paclitaxel injection. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2008, 67, 636–642. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lakhtakia, S.; Seo, D.W. Endoscopic ultrasonography-guided tumor ablation. Dig. Endosc. 2017, 29, 486–494. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cho, M.K.; Choi, J.H.; Seo, D.W. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided ablation therapy for pancreatic cysts. Endosc. Ultrasound 2015, 4, 293–298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Adamska, A.; Domenichini, A.; Falasca, M. Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Current and Evolving Therapies. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 1338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pai, M.; Habib, N.; Senturk, H.; Lakhtakia, S.; Reddy, N.; Cicinnati, V.R.; Kaba, I.; Beckebaum, S.; Drymousis, P.; Kahaleh, M.; et al. Endoscopic ultrasound guided radiofrequency ablation, for pancreatic cystic neoplasms and neuroendocrine tumors. World J. Gastrointest. Surg. 2015, 7, 52–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Birkmeyer, J.D.; Sun, Y.; Wong, S.L.; Stukel, T.A. Hospital volume and late survival after cancer surgery. Ann. Surg. 2007, 245, 777–783. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jürgensen, C.; Schuppan, D.; Neser, F.; Ernstberger, J.; Junghans, U.; Stölzel, U. EUS-guided alcohol ablation of an insulinoma. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2006, 63, 1059–1062. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zanini, N.; Giordano, M.; Smerieri, E.; D’Abruzzo, G.C.; Guidi, M.; Pazzaglini, G.; De Luca, F.; Chiaruzzi, G.; Vitullo, G.; Piva, P.; et al. Estimation of the prevalence of asymptomatic pancreatic cysts in the population of San Marino. Pancreatology 2015, 15, 417–422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, W.Y.; Li, Z.S.; Jin, Z.D. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided ethanol ablation therapy for tumors. World J. Gastroenterol. 2013, 19, 3397–3403. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Levink, I.; Bruno, M.J.; Cahen, D.L. Management of Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms: Controversies in Guidelines and Future Perspectives. Curr. Treat. Options Gastroenterol. 2018, 16, 316–332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yao, J.C.; Eisner, M.P.; Leary, C.; Dagohoy, C.; Phan, A.; Rashid, A.; Hassan, M.; Evans, D.B. Population-based study of islet cell carcinoma. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2007, 14, 3492–3500. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ma, Z.-Y.; Gong, Y.-F.; Zhuang, H.-K.; Zhou, Z.-X.; Huang, S.-Z.; Zou, Y.-P.; Huang, B.; Sun, Z.-H.; Zhang, C.-Z.; Tang, Y.-Q.; et al. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: A review of serum biomarkers, staging, and management. World J. Gastroenterol. 2020, 26, 2305–2322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fernández-del Castillo, C.; Targarona, J.; Thayer, S.P.; Rattner, D.W.; Brugge, W.R.; Warshaw, A.L. Incidental pancreatic cysts: Clinicopathologic characteristics and comparison with symptomatic patients. Arch. Surg. 2003, 138, 427–434. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tanaka, M.; Fernández-del Castillo, C.; Kamisawa, T.; Jang, J.Y.; Levy, P.; Ohtsuka, T.; Salvia, R.; Shimizu, Y.; Tada, M.; Wolfgang, C.L. Revisions of international consensus Fukuoka guidelines for the management of IPMN of the pancreas. Pancreatology 2017, 17, 738–753. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cho, C.S.; Russ, A.J.; Loeffler, A.G.; Rettammel, R.J.; Oudheusden, G.; Winslow, E.R.; Weber, S.M. Preoperative classification of pancreatic cystic neoplasms: The clinical significance of diagnostic inaccuracy. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2013, 20, 3112–3119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Buerlein, R.C.D.; Shami, V.M. Management of pancreatic cysts and guidelines: What the gastroenterologist needs to know. Ther. Adv. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2021, 14, 26317745211045769. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Scheiman, J.M.; Hwang, J.H.; Moayyedi, P. American gastroenterological association technical review on the diagnosis and management of asymptomatic neoplastic pancreatic cysts. Gastroenterology 2015, 148, 824–848.e22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Caillol, F.; Poincloux, L.; Bories, E.; Cruzille, E.; Pesenti, C.; Darcha, C.; Poizat, F.; Monges, G.; Raoul, J.L.; Bommelaer, G.; et al. Ethanol lavage of 14 mucinous cysts of the pancreas: A retrospective study in two tertiary centers. Endosc. Ultrasound 2012, 1, 48–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Teoh, A.Y.-B.; Seo, D.W.; Brugge, W.; Dewitt, J.; Kongkam, P.; Linghu, E.; Moyer, M.T.; Ryu, J.K.; Ho, K.Y. Position statement on EUS-guided ablation of pancreatic cystic neoplasms from an international expert panel. Endosc. Int. Open 2019, 7, E1064–E1077. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Perri, G.; Prakash, L.R.; Katz, M.H.G. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 2019, 35, 468–477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shah, M.H.; Goldner, W.S.; Benson, A.B.; Bergsland, E.; Blaszkowsky, L.S.; Brock, P.; Chan, J.; Das, S.; Dickson, P.V.; Fanta, P.; et al. Neuroendocrine and Adrenal Tumors, Version 2.2021, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw. 2021, 19, 839–868. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sallinen, V.; Le Large, T.Y.; Galeev, S.; Kovalenko, Z.; Tieftrunk, E.; Araujo, R.; Ceyhan, G.O.; Gaujoux, S. Surveillance strategy for small asymptomatic non-functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors—A systematic review and meta-analysis. HPB 2017, 19, 310–320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Falconi, M.; Bartsch, D.K.; Eriksson, B.; Klöppel, G.; Lopes, J.M.; O’Connor, J.M.; Salazar, R.; Taal, B.G.; Vullierme, M.P.; O’Toole, D. ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the management of patients with digestive neuroendocrine neoplasms of the digestive system: Well-differentiated pancreatic non-functioning tumors. Neuroendocrinology 2012, 95, 120–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Larghi, A.; Rizzatti, G.; Rimbaş, M.; Crino, S.F.; Gasbarrini, A.; Costamagna, G. EUS-guided radiofrequency ablation as an alternative to surgery for pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms: Who should we treat? Endosc. Ultrasound 2019, 8, 220–226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, D.H.; Choi, J.-H.; Oh, D.; Lee, S.S.; Seo, D.-W.; Lee, S.K.; Kim, M.-H. Endoscopic ultrasonography-guided ethanol ablation for small pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: Results of a pilot study. Clin. Endosc. 2015, 48, 158–164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Howe, J.R.; Merchant, N.B.; Conrad, C.; Keutgen, X.M.; Hallet, J.; Drebin, J.A.; Minter, R.M.; Lairmore, T.C.; Tseng, J.F.; Zeh, H.J.; et al. The North American Neuroendocrine Tumor Society Consensus Paper on the Surgical Management of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. Pancreas 2020, 49, 1–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Halfdanarson, T.R.; Rabe, K.G.; Rubin, J.; Petersen, G.M. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs): Incidence, prognosis and recent trend toward improved survival. Ann. Oncol. 2008, 19, 1727–1733. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- El Sayed, G.; Frim, L.; Franklin, J.; McCrudden, R.; Gordon, C.; Al-Shamma, S.; Kiss, S.; Hegyi, P.; Erőss, B. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided ethanol and radiofrequency ablation of pancreatic insulinomas: A systematic literature review. Therap. Adv. Gastroenterol. 2021, 14, 17562848211042171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vilmann, P.; Jacobsen, G.K.; Henriksen, F.W.; Hancke, S. Endoscopic ultrasonography with guided fine needle aspiration biopsy in pancreatic disease. Gastrointest. Endosc. 1992, 38, 172–173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bennedbaek, F.N.; Hegedüs, L. Treatment of recurrent thyroid cysts with ethanol: A randomized double-blind controlled trial. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2003, 88, 5773–5777. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- El Masry, H.; Breall, J.A. Alcohol septal ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Curr. Cardiol. Rev. 2008, 4, 193–197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Larssen, T.B.; Jensen, D.K.; Viste, A.; Horn, A. Single-session alcohol sclerotherapy in symptomatic benign hepatic cysts. Long-term results. Acta Radiol. 1999, 40, 636–638. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Völk, M.; Rogler, G.; Strotzer, M.; Lock, G.; Manke, C.; Feuerbach, S. Post-traumatic pseudocyst of the spleen: Sclerotherapy with ethanol. Cardiovasc. Interv. Radiol. 1999, 22, 246–248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schurmann, P.; Peñalver, J.; Valderrábano, M. Ethanol for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Curr. Opin. Cardiol. 2015, 30, 333–343. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gelczer, R.K.; Charboneau, J.W.; Hussain, S.; Brown, D.L. Complications of percutaneous ethanol ablation. J. Ultrasound Med. 1998, 17, 531–533. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baker, R.C.; Kramer, R.E. Cytotoxicity of short-chain alcohols. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1999, 39, 127–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Celikoglu, S.I.; Celikoglu, F.; Goldberg, E.P. Endobronchial intratumoral chemotherapy (EITC) followed by surgery in early non-small cell lung cancer with polypoid growth causing erroneous impression of advanced disease. Lung Cancer 2006, 54, 339–346. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hader, W.J.; Steinbok, P.; Hukin, J.; Fryer, C. Intratumoral therapy with bleomycin for cystic craniopharyngiomas in children. Pediatr. Neurosurg. 2000, 33, 211–218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- DeWitt, J.M.; Al-Haddad, M.; Sherman, S.; LeBlanc, J.; Schmidt, C.M.; Sandrasegaran, K.; Finkelstein, S.D. Alterations in cyst fluid genetics following endoscopic ultrasound-guided pancreatic cyst ablation with ethanol and paclitaxel. Endoscopy 2014, 46, 457–464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Akhan, O.; Güler, E.; Akıncı, D.; Çiftçi, T.; Köse, I.Ç. Radiofrequency ablation for lung tumors: Outcomes, effects on survival, and prognostic factors. Diagn. Interv. Radiol. 2016, 22, 65–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koo, J.S.; Chung, S.H. The Efficacy of Radiofrequency Ablation for Bone Tumors Unsuitable for Radical Excision. Clin. Orthop. Surg. 2021, 13, 278–285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jindal, G.; Friedman, M.; Locklin, J.; Wood, B.J. Palliative radiofrequency ablation for recurrent prostate cancer. Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol. 2006, 29, 482–485. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wah, T.M.; Irving, H.C.; Gregory, W.; Cartledge, J.; Joyce, A.D.; Selby, P.J. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of renal cell carcinoma (RCC): Experience in 200 tumours. BJU Int. 2014, 113, 416–428. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gaidhane, M.; Smith, I.; Ellen, K.; Gatesman, J.; Habib, N.; Foley, P.; Moskaluk, C.; Kahaleh, M. Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Radiofrequency Ablation (EUS-RFA) of the Pancreas in a Porcine Model. Gastroenterol. Res. Pract. 2012, 2012, 431451. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yousaf, M.N.; Ehsan, H.; Muneeb, A.; Wahab, A.; Sana, M.K.; Neupane, K.; Chaudhary, F.S. Role of Radiofrequency Ablation in the Management of Unresectable Pancreatic Cancer. Front. Med. 2021, 7, 624997. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Matsui, Y.; Nakagawa, A.; Kamiyama, Y.; Yamamoto, K.; Kubo, N.; Nakase, Y. Selective thermocoagulation of unresectable pancreatic cancers by using radiofrequency capacitive heating. Pancreas 2000, 20, 14–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Girelli, R.; Frigerio, I.; Giardino, A.; Regi, P.; Gobbo, S.; Malleo, G.; Salvia, R.; Bassi, C. Results of 100 pancreatic radiofrequency ablations in the context of a multimodal strategy for stage III ductal adenocarcinoma. Langenbecks Arch. Surg. 2013, 398, 63–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dromi, S.A.; Walsh, M.P.; Herby, S.; Traughber, B.; Xie, J.; Sharma, K.V.; Sekhar, K.P.; Luk, A.; Liewehr, D.J.; Dreher, M.R.; et al. Radiofrequency ablation induces antigen-presenting cell infiltration and amplification of weak tumor-induced immunity. Radiology 2009, 251, 58–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- DeWitt, J.; DiMaio, C.J.; Brugge, W.R. Long-term follow-up of pancreatic cysts that resolve radiologically after EUS-guided ethanol ablation. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2010, 72, 862–866. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- DiMaio, C.J.; DeWitt, J.M.; Brugge, W.R. Ablation of pancreatic cystic lesions: The use of multiple endoscopic ultrasound-guided ethanol lavage sessions. Pancreas 2011, 40, 664–668. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gómez, V.; Takahashi, N.; Levy, M.J.; McGee, K.P.; Jones, A.; Huang, Y.; Chari, S.T.; Clain, J.E.; Gleeson, F.C.; Pearson, R.K.; et al. EUS-guided ethanol lavage does not reliably ablate pancreatic cystic neoplasms (with video). Gastrointest. Endosc. 2016, 83, 914–920. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, J.K.; Song, B.J.; Ryu, J.K.; Paik, W.H.; Park, J.M.; Kim, J.; Lee, S.H.; Kim, Y.-T. Clinical Outcomes of Endoscopic Ultrasonography-Guided Pancreatic Cyst Ablation. Pancreas 2016, 45, 889–894. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- DeWitt, J.; McGreevy, K.; Schmidt, C.M.; Brugge, W.R. EUS-guided ethanol versus saline solution lavage for pancreatic cysts: A randomized, double-blind study. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2009, 70, 710–723. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oyama, H.; Tada, M.; Takagi, K.; Tateishi, K.; Hamada, T.; Nakai, Y.; Hakuta, R.; Ijichi, H.; Ishigaki, K.; Kanai, S.; et al. Long-term Risk of Malignancy in Branch-Duct Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms. Gastroenterology 2020, 158, 226–237.e5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oh, H.-C.; Seo, D.W.; Kim, S.C.; Yu, E.; Kim, K.; Moon, S.-H.; Park, D.H.; Lee, S.S.; Lee, S.K.; Kim, M.-H. Septated cystic tumors of the pancreas: Is it possible to treat them by endoscopic ultrasonography-guided intervention? Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 2009, 44, 242–247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Choi, J.-H.; Seo, D.W.; Song, T.J.; Park, D.H.; Lee, S.S.; Lee, S.K.; Kim, M.-H. Long-term outcomes after endoscopic ultrasound-guided ablation of pancreatic cysts. Endoscopy 2017, 49, 866–873. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, K.H.; McGreevy, K.; La Fortune, K.; Cramer, H.; DeWitt, J. Sonographic and cyst fluid cytologic changes after EUS-guided pancreatic cyst ablation. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2017, 85, 1233–1242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moyer, M.T.; Sharzehi, S.; Mathew, A.; Levenick, J.M.; Headlee, B.D.; Blandford, J.T.; Heisey, H.D.; Birkholz, J.H.; Ancrile, B.B.; Maranki, J.L.; et al. The Safety and Efficacy of an Alcohol-Free Pancreatic Cyst Ablation Protocol. Gastroenterology 2017, 153, 1295–1303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- An, S.; Sung, Y.N.; Kim, S.J.; Seo, D.W.; Jun, S.Y.; Hong, S.M. Pancreatic Cysts after Endoscopic Ultrasonography-Guided Ethanol and/or Paclitaxel Ablation Therapy: Another Mimic of Pancreatic Pseudocysts. Pathobiology 2022, 89, 49–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barthet, M.; Giovannini, M.; Lesavre, N.; Boustiere, C.; Napoleon, B.; Koch, S.; Gasmi, M.; Vanbiervliet, G.; Gonzalez, J.-M. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and pancreatic cystic neoplasms: A prospective multicenter study. Endoscopy 2019, 51, 836–842. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Younis, F.; Shor, D.B.-A.; Lubezky, N.; Geva, R.; Osher, E.; Shibolet, O.; Phillips, A.; Scapa, E. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation of premalignant pancreatic-cystic neoplasms and neuroendocrine tumors: Prospective study. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2022, 34, 1111–1115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oh, D.; Ko, S.W.; Seo, D.-W.; Hong, S.-M.; Kim, J.H.; Song, T.J.; Park, D.H.; Lee, S.K.; Kim, M.-H. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation of pancreatic microcystic serous cystic neoplasms: A retrospective study. Endoscopy 2021, 53, 739–743. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Levy, M.J.; Thompson, G.B.; Topazian, M.D.; Callstrom, M.R.; Grant, C.S.; Vella, A. US-guided ethanol ablation of insulinomas: A new treatment option. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2012, 75, 200–206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Choi, J.; Park, D.H.; Kim, M.; Hwang, H.S.; Hong, S.; Song, T.J.; Lee, S.S.; Seo, D.; Lee, S.K. Outcomes after endoscopic ultrasound-guided ethanol-lipiodol ablation of small pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Dig. Endosc. 2018, 30, 652–658. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Matsumoto, K.; Kato, H.; Kawano, S.; Fujiwara, H.; Nishida, K.; Harada, R.; Fujii, M.; Yoshida, R.; Umeda, Y.; Hinotsu, S.; et al. Efficacy and safety of scheduled early endoscopic ultrasonography-guided ethanol reinjection for patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: Prospective pilot study. Dig. Endosc. 2020, 32, 425–430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yu, S.C.; Hui, J.W.; Hui, E.P.; Mo, F.; Lee, P.S.; Wong, J.; Lee, K.F.; Lai, P.B.; Yeo, W. Embolization efficacy and treatment effectiveness of transarterial therapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: A case-controlled comparison of transarterial ethanol ablation with lipiodol-ethanol mixture versus transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. 2009, 20, 352–359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yu, S.C.; Hui, E.P.; Wong, J.; Wong, H.; Mo, F.; Ho, S.S.; Wong, Y.Y.; Yeo, W.; Lai, P.B.; Chan, A.T.; et al. Transarterial ethanol ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma with lipiodol ethanol mixture: Phase II study. J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. 2008, 19, 95–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Oleinikov, K.; Dancour, A.; Epshtein, J.; Benson, A.; Mazeh, H.; Tal, I.; Matalon, S.; A Benbassat, C.; Livovsky, D.M.; Goldin, E.; et al. Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Radiofrequency Ablation: A New Therapeutic Approach for Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2019, 104, 2637–2647. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marx, M.; Trosic-Ivanisevic, T.; Caillol, F.; Demartines, N.; Schoepfer, A.; Pesenti, C.; Ratone, J.-P.; Robert, M.; Giovannini, M.; Godat, S. EUS-guided radiofrequency ablation for pancreatic insulinoma: Experience in 2 tertiary centers. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2022, 95, 1256–1263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marx, M.; Godat, S.; Caillol, F.; Poizat, F.; Ratone, J.; Pesenti, C.; Schoepfer, A.; Hoibian, S.; Dahel, Y.; Giovannini, M. Management of non-functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors by endoscopic ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation: Retrospective study in two tertiary centers. Dig. Endosc. 2022, 34, 1207–1213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ferreira, M.F.; Garces-Duran, R.; Eisendrath, P.; Devière, J.; Deprez, P.; Monino, L.; Van Laethem, J.-L.; Borbath, I. EUS-guided radiofrequency ablation of pancreatic/peripancreatic tumors and oligometastatic disease: An observational prospective multicenter study. Endosc. Int. Open 2022, 10, E1380–E1385. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Linghu, E.; Du, C.; Chai, N.; Li, H.; Wang, Z.; Sun, Y.; Xu, W.; Guo, X.; Ning, B.; Sun, L.; et al. A prospective study on the safety and effectiveness of using lauromacrogol for ablation of pancreatic cystic neoplasms with the aid of EUS. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2017, 86, 872–880. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luo, X.; Ma, H.; Yu, J.; Zhao, Y.; Wang, X.; Yang, L. Efficacy and safety of balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration of gastric varices with lauromacrogol foam sclerotherapy: Initial experience. Abdom. Radiol. 2018, 43, 1820–1824. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xue, J.; Geng, X. Curative effect of lauromacrogol and absolute ethyl alcohol injection guided by ultrasound on simplex hepatic cyst. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 2015, 28, 697–700. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, W.; Wang, L.; Guo, C.X. The effects of lauromacrogol injection into rat endometrial cysts: A preliminary experimental study. Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 2016, 294, 555–559. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Du, C.; Chai, N.; Linghu, E.; Li, H.; Feng, X.; Ning, B.; Wang, X.; Tang, P. Long-term outcomes of EUS-guided lauromacrogol ablation for the treatment of pancreatic cystic neoplasms: 5 years of experience. Endosc. Ultrasound 2022, 11, 44–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gaballa, D.; Moyer, M. Thoughts of the safety and efficacy of EUS-guided cyst ablation with the use of lauromacrogol. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2018, 87, 1367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Di Matteo, F.; Martino, M.; Rea, R.; Pandolfi, M.; Rabitti, C.; Masselli, G.M.P.; Silvestri, S.; Pacella, C.M.; Papini, E.; Panzera, F.; et al. EUS-guided Nd:YAG laser ablation of normal pancreatic tissue: A pilot study in a pig model. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2010, 72, 358–363. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Francica, G.; Petrolati, A.; Di Stasio, E.; Pacella, S.; Stasi, R.; Pacella, C.M. Effectiveness, safety, and local progression after percutaneous laser ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma nodules up to 4 cm are not affected by tumor location. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 2012, 199, 1393–1401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Di Matteo, F.M.; Saccomandi, P.; Martino, M.; Pandolfi, M.; Pizzicannella, M.; Balassone, V.; Schena, E.; Pacella, C.M.; Silvestri, S.; Costamagna, G. Feasibility of EUS-guided Nd:YAG laser ablation of unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2018, 88, 168–174.e1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Truong, V.G.; Jeong, S.; Park, J.-S.; Tran, V.N.; Kim, S.M.; Lee, D.H.; Kang, H.W. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided cylindrical interstitial laser ablation (CILA) on in vivo porcine pancreas. Biomed. Opt. Express 2021, 12, 4423–4437. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lim, S.; Truong, V.G.; Choi, J.; Jeong, H.J.; Oh, S.-J.; Park, J.-S.; Kang, H.W. Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Laser Ablation Using a Diffusing Applicator for Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer Treatment. Cancers 2022, 14, 2274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Robles-Medranda, C.; Arevalo-Mora, M.; Oleas, R.; Alcivar-Vasquez, J.; Del Valle, R. Novel EUS-guided microwave ablation of an unresectable pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. VideoGIE 2022, 7, 74–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carrafiello, G.; Ierardi, A.M.; Fontana, F.; Petrillo, M.; Floridi, C.; Lucchina, N.; Cuffari, S.; Dionigi, G.; Rotondo, A.; Fugazzola, C. Microwave ablation of pancreatic head cancer: Safety and efficacy. J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. 2013, 24, 1513–1520. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vogl, T.J.; Panahi, B.; Albrecht, M.H.; Naguib, N.N.N.; Nour-Eldin, N.-E.A.; Gruber-Rouh, T.; Thompson, Z.M.; Basten, L.M. Microwave ablation of pancreatic tumors. Minim. Invasive Ther. Allied Technol. 2018, 27, 33–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Carrara, S.; Arcidiacono, P.G.; Albarello, L.; Addis, A.; Enderle, M.D.; Boemo, C.; Campagnol, M.; Ambrosi, A.; Doglioni, C.; Testoni, P.A. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided application of a new hybrid cryotherm probe in porcine pancreas: A preliminary study. Endoscopy 2008, 40, 321–326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Arcidiacono, P.G.; Carrara, S.; Reni, M.; Petrone, M.C.; Cappio, S.; Balzano, G.; Boemo, C.; Cereda, S.; Nicoletti, R.; Enderle, M.D.; et al. Feasibility and safety of EUS-guided cryothermal ablation in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2012, 76, 1142–1151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Song, T.J.; Seo, D.W.; Lakhtakia, S.; Reddy, N.; Oh, D.W.; Park, D.H.; Lee, S.S.; Lee, S.K.; Kim, M.-H. Initial experience of EUS-guided radiofrequency ablation of unresectable pancreatic cancer. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2016, 83, 440–443. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scopelliti, F.; Pea, A.; Conigliaro, R.; Butturini, G.; Frigerio, I.; Regi, P.; Giardino, A.; Bertani, H.; Paini, M.; Pederzoli, P.; et al. Technique, safety, and feasibility of EUS-guided radiofrequency ablation in unresectable pancreatic cancer. Surg. Endosc. 2018, 32, 4022–4028. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Siegel, R.L.; Miller, K.D.; Jemal, A. Cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2020, 70, 7–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oh, D.; Seo, D.W.; Song, T.J.; Park, D.H.; Lee, S.K.; Kim, M.H. Clinical outcomes of EUS-guided radiofrequency ablation for unresectable pancreatic cancer: A prospective observational study. Endosc. Ultrasound 2022, 11, 68–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hwang, J.S.; Joo, H.D.; Song, T.J. Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Local Therapy for Pancreatic Neoplasms. Clin. Endosc. 2020, 53, 535–540. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Author | Study Year | Ablative Strategy | Number of Treated Patients | Number of Treated Lesions | Efficacy on Follow-Up Imaging **, n (%) | Adverse Events, (n) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MCN | IPMN | Other * | Incomplete Response | Partial Response | Complete Response | |||||
Gan et al. [5] | 2005 | Ethanol (5–80%) | 25 | 14 | 3 | 6 | 13 (56) | 2 (9) | 8 (35) | None |
DeWitt et al. [59] | 2009 | Ethanol (80%) | 25 | 10 | 10 | 5 | 13 (59) | 0 (0) | 9 (41) | Mild abdominal pain (7); Intra-cystic bleeding (1); Acute pancreatitis (1) |
Saline | 17 *** | 7 | 7 | 3 | 11 (79) | 0 (0) | 3 (21) **** | Mild abdominal pain (3) | ||
DiMaio et al. [56] | 2011 | Ethanol (80%) | 13 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 8 (62) | 0 (0) | 5 (38) | Mild abdominal pain (1) |
Caillol et al. [24] | 2012 | Ethanol (99%) | 13 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 2 (15) | 0 (0) | 11 (85) | None |
Gómez et al. [57] | 2016 | Ethanol (80%) | 23 | 4 | 15 | 4 | 11 (48) | 10 (43) | 2 (9) | Mild abdominal pain (1): Acute pancreatitis (1) |
Park et al. [58] | 2016 | Ethanol (99%) | 91 | 12 | 9 | 70 | 13 (14) | 37 (41) | 41 (45) | Mild abdominal pain (18); Fever without infection (8); Acute pancreatitis (3) |
Author | Study Year | Ablative Strategy | Number of Treated Patients | Number of Treated Lesions | Efficacy on Follow-Up Imaging **, n (%) | Adverse Events, (n) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MCN | IPMN | Other * | Incomplete Response | Partial Response | Complete Response | |||||
Oh et al. [7] | 2008 | Ethanol (88–99%) + Paclitaxel | 14 | 2 | 0 | 12 | 1 (7) | 2 (14) | 11 (79) | Mild abdominal pain (1); Acute pancreatitis (1) |
Oh et al. [61] | 2009 | Ethanol (99%) + Paclitaxel | 10 | 3 | 0 | 7 | 2 (20) | 2 (20) | 6 (60) | Acute pancreatitis (1) |
Oh et al. [6] | 2011 | Ethanol (99%) + Paclitaxel | 52 | 9 | 0 | 43 | 12 (25) | 6 (13) | 29 (62) | Fever without infection (1); Mild abdominal pain (1); Acute pancreatitis (1); Splenic vein obliteration (1); Peri-cystic spillage (1) |
Choi et al. [62] | 2017 | Ethanol (99%) + Paclitaxel | 164 | 71 | 11 | 82 | 13 (8) | 31 (20) | 114 (72) | Fever without infection (1); Peri-cystic spillage (1); Intra-cystic bleeding (1); Acute pancreatitis (6); Pseudocyst formation (2); Abscess formation (2); Portal vein thrombosis (1); Splenic vein obliteration (1); MPD stricture (1) |
Kim et al. [63] | 2017 | Ethanol (100%) or Ethanol (100%) + Paclitaxel | 8 (Ethanol) 28 (Ethanol + Paclitaxel) | 16 | 14 | 6 | 8 (24) | 7 (20) | 19 (56) | Mild abdominal pain (4); Acute pancreatitis (4); Intra-cystic bleeding (1) |
Moyer et al. [64] | 2017 | Ethanol (80%) + Paclitaxel + Gemcitabine | 18 | 9 | 27 | 3 | 3 (17) | 4 (22) | 11 (61) | Mild abdominal pain (4); Acute pancreatitis (1) |
Saline + Paclitaxel + Gemcitabine | 21 | 4 (19) | 3 (14) | 14 (67) | None |
Author | Study Year | Number of Treated Patients | Number of Treated Lesions | Efficacy on Follow-Up Imaging **, n (%) | Adverse Events, (n) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MCN | IPMN | Other * | Incomplete Response | Partial Response | Complete Response | ||||
Pai et al. [11] | 2015 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 (0) | 4 (67) | 2 (33) | Mild abdominal pain (2) |
Barthet et al. [66] | 2019 | 17 | 1 | 16 | 0 | 5 (29) | 1 (6) | 11 (65) | Jejunal perforation (1) |
Oh et al. [68] | 2021 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 5 (38) | 8 (62) | 0 (0) | Mild abdominal pain (1) |
Younis et al. [67] | 2022 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 1 (20) | 1 (20) | 3 (60) | Mild abdominal pain (2); Acute pancreatitis (1) |
Author | Study Year | Ablative Strategy | Number of Treated Patients | Number of Treated Lesions | Efficacy on Follow-Up Imaging *, n (%) | Adverse Events, (n) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Insulinoma | Non-Functional pNET | Incomplete Response | Complete Response | |||||
Levy et al. [69] | 2012 | Ethanol (95–99%) | 5 | 5 | 0 | N/A ** | N/A ** | None |
Park et al. [31] | 2015 | Ethanol (99%) | 11 | 4 | 10 | 5 (38) | 8 (62) | Mild abdominal pain (1); Acute pancreatitis (3); MPD stricture (1) |
Choi et al. [70] | 2018 | Ethanol (99%) + Lipiodol | 33 | 1 | 39 | 16 (40) | 24 (60) | Acute pancreatitis (2) |
Matsumoto et al. [71] | 2020 | Ethanol | 5 | 0 | 5 | 1 (20) | 4 (80) | None |
Author | Study Year | Number of Treated Patients | Number of Treated Lesions | Efficacy on Follow-Up Imaging *, n (%) | Adverse Events, (n) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Insulinoma | Non-Functional pNET | Incomplete Response | Partial Response | Complete Response | ||||
Pai et al. [11] | 2015 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 (0) | 2 (100) ** | 0 (0) | None |
Barthet et al. [66] | 2019 | 12 | 0 | 14 | 2 (14) | 0 (0) | 12 (86) | Acute pancreatitis with necrosis and bacteremia (1); MPD stenosis (1) |
Oleinikov et al. [74] | 2019 | 18 | 9 | 18 | 1 (4) | 0 (0) | 26 (96) | Acute pancreatitis (2) |
Marx et al. [75] | 2022 | 7 | 7 | 0 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 6 (100) | Mild abdominal pain (1); Acute pancreatitis (2); Coagulation necrosis of the superior mesenteric vein (1); Retro-gastric collection resulting in death (1) |
Marx et al. [76] | 2022 | 27 | 0 | 27 | 0 (0) | 2 (7) | 25 (93) | Mild abdominal pain (3); Acute pancreatitis (4); Periprocedural bleeding (2); Pseudocyst formation (1); Pancreatic fistula formation (1); MPD stricture (1) |
Figueiredo et al. [77] | 2022 | 29 *** | 13 | 10 | 2 (18) | 3 (27) | 6 (55) | Mild abdominal pain (4); Acute pancreatitis (3); MPD stenosis (1); Periprocedural bleeding (1); Gastric wall hematoma (1); Fever without infection (1) |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Prete, A.M.; Gonda, T.A. Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Local Ablative Therapies for the Treatment of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors and Cystic Lesions: A Review of the Current Literature. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 3325. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12093325
Prete AM, Gonda TA. Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Local Ablative Therapies for the Treatment of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors and Cystic Lesions: A Review of the Current Literature. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(9):3325. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12093325
Chicago/Turabian StylePrete, Alexander M., and Tamas A. Gonda. 2023. "Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Local Ablative Therapies for the Treatment of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors and Cystic Lesions: A Review of the Current Literature" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 9: 3325. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12093325