Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Cellular and Molecular Hub in Pathology of Metabolic Diseases and Infection
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. The Mitochondrial Life Cycle: Fusion, Fission, and Autophagy
1.2. Role of mtDNA in Maintenance of Metabolic Function
1.3. Nuclear DNA and Mitochondrial DNA Cooccurrence
1.4. Functional Validation of Mitochondria
2. Pathophysiological Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cancer
2.1. Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species and Cancer Metabolism
2.2. Mitochondrial Metabolism Deregulation-Mediated Generation of Tumor-Related Proteins and Oncometabolites
2.3. Mitochondria as an Upcoming Target for Management of Cancer
3. Pathophysiological Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Diabetes Mellitus
3.1. Insulin Resistance and Mitochondrial Dysfunction
3.2. Targeting of Mitochondrial Processes of Mitochondrial Fission and Mitochondrial Fusion to Prevent Mitochondrial Dysfunction
4. Pathophysiological Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Obesity
4.1. Contribution of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Consumption of Calories and ROS
4.2. Role of Mitochondria in Brown and White Adipose Tissues
4.3. Transcription Factors in Adipocytes and Mitochondria
5. Pathophysiological Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Infectious Diseases
5.1. Infection Dynamics and Structure of Mitochondria
5.2. Metabolism of Mitochondria during Infection
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
2-DG | 2 deoxyglucose |
ADP | adenosine diphosphate |
ATP | adenosine triphosphate |
BAT | black adipose tissues |
DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid |
DRP1 | dynamin-related protein 1 |
ETC | electron transport chain |
FADH2 | flavin adenine dinucleotide |
FAO | fatty acid oxidation |
FH | fumarate hydratase |
FIS1 | mitochondrial fission 1 protein |
HbA1c | hemoglobin A1c |
HIF | Hypoxia-inducible factor |
KEAP1 | kelch-like ECH associated protein 1 |
LOF | loss of function |
MAPK | mitogen activated protein kinase |
Mdivi-1 | mitochondrial division inhibitor-1 |
Mfn | mitofusins |
MPT | mitochondrial permeability transition |
mtDNA | mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid |
Myf5 | myogenic factor 5 |
NADH | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide |
NEFA | nonesterified fatty acids |
NF-κB | nuclear factor kappa B |
NLRP3 | NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 |
Nox 4 | NADPH oxidase-4 |
Nrf2 | nuclear factor erythroid 2-relaed factor 2 |
PDH | pyruvate dehydrogenase |
PGC | PPAR gamma coactivator |
PHD | prolyl hydroxylase |
PINK1 | PTEN induced kinase 1 |
PPAR | peroxisome proliferator activated receptor |
PRDM16 | PRD1-BF-1-R1Z1 homologous domain comprising protein 16 |
PTEN | phosphatase and tensin homolog |
ROS | reactive oxygen species |
rRNA | ribosomal ribonucleic acid |
SDH | succinate hydrogenase |
TCA | tricarboxylic acid |
TGF-β1 | transforming growth factor beta 1 |
tRNA | transfer ribonucleic acid |
UCP | uncoupling proteins |
VES | vitamin E succinate |
WAT | white adipose tissues |
α-KG | alpha-ketoglutarate |
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Behl, T.; Makkar, R.; Anwer, M.K.; Hassani, R.; Khuwaja, G.; Khalid, A.; Mohan, S.; Alhazmi, H.A.; Sachdeva, M.; Rachamalla, M. Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Cellular and Molecular Hub in Pathology of Metabolic Diseases and Infection. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 2882. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12082882
Behl T, Makkar R, Anwer MK, Hassani R, Khuwaja G, Khalid A, Mohan S, Alhazmi HA, Sachdeva M, Rachamalla M. Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Cellular and Molecular Hub in Pathology of Metabolic Diseases and Infection. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(8):2882. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12082882
Chicago/Turabian StyleBehl, Tapan, Rashita Makkar, Md. Khalid Anwer, Rym Hassani, Gulrana Khuwaja, Asaad Khalid, Syam Mohan, Hassan A. Alhazmi, Monika Sachdeva, and Mahesh Rachamalla. 2023. "Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Cellular and Molecular Hub in Pathology of Metabolic Diseases and Infection" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 8: 2882. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12082882