Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among Hangover-Sensitive and Hangover-Resistant Drinkers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Allocation to the Hangover-Sensitive or Hangover-Resistant Group
2.2. Past 30 Days’ Alcohol Consumption
2.3. Depression, Anxiety, and Stress
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables Assessed | Overall | Study 1 [17] | Study 2 [18] | Study 3 [16] |
---|---|---|---|---|
N | 5111 | 3056 | 604 | 1451 |
Sex (m/f) | 1492/3619 | 1066/1990 | 184/420 | 242/1209 *,† |
Age (years) | 21.9 (2.7) | 22.1 (2.5) | 22.2 (4.2) * | 21.4 (2.1) * |
Bodyweight (kg) | 68.7 (12.3) | 69.7 (12.2) | 68.0 (14.1) * | 67.0 (11.4) * |
Hangover resistant (%) | 37.3% | 33.5% | 24.5% * | 50.6% *,† |
Past 30 days’ heaviest drinking occasion | ||||
Number of alcoholic drinks | 8.2 (6.1) | 8.4 (6.4) | 7.4 (5.8) * | 8.3 (5.4) † |
Drinking duration (h) | 5.2 (3.0) | 5.3 (3.1) | 5.0 (3.1) * | 5.2 (2.5) † |
Estimated BAC (%) | 0.12 (0.1) | 0.11 (0.1) | 0.10 (0.1) | 0.13 (0.1) *,† |
DASS-21 | ||||
Depression | 5.7 (7.1) | 5.2 (6.6) | 8.6 (9.5) * | 5.5 (6.9) † |
Anxiety | 5.5 (6.5) | 4.3 (5.3) | 7.2 (7.8) * | 7.4 (7.5) * |
Stress | 8.9 (7.9) | 7.8 (7.3) | 12.7 (9.4) * | 9.7 (7.7) *,† |
Variables Assessed | Hangover-Sensitive | Hangover-Resistant | Effect Size (r) |
---|---|---|---|
N | 3205 | 1906 | |
Sex (m/f) | 999/2206 | 493/1413 * | 0.06 |
Age (years) | 21.9 (2.7) | 21.8 (2.6) | 0.02 |
Bodyweight (kg) | 68.7 (12.1) | 68.7 (12.6) | 0.00 |
Past 30 days’ heaviest drinking occasion | |||
Number of alcoholic drinks | 8.8 (6.2) | 7.2 (5.8) * | 0.15 |
Drinking duration (h) | 5.5 (3.0) | 4.8 (2.8) * | 0.13 |
Estimated BAC (%) | 0.12 (0.1) | 0.10 (0.1) * | 0.11 |
DASS-21 | |||
Depression | 5.8 (7.2) | 5.5 (7.0) | 0.03 |
Anxiety | 5.7 (6.4) | 5.3 (6.5) * | 0.05 |
Stress | 9.1 (8.0) | 8.5 (7.6) * | 0.03 |
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Kim, A.J.; Merlo, A.; Mackus, M.; Bruce, G.; Johnson, S.J.; Alford, C.; Sherry, S.B.; Stewart, S.H.; Verster, J.C. Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among Hangover-Sensitive and Hangover-Resistant Drinkers. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 2766. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12082766
Kim AJ, Merlo A, Mackus M, Bruce G, Johnson SJ, Alford C, Sherry SB, Stewart SH, Verster JC. Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among Hangover-Sensitive and Hangover-Resistant Drinkers. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(8):2766. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12082766
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Andy J., Agnese Merlo, Marlou Mackus, Gillian Bruce, Sean J. Johnson, Chris Alford, Simon B. Sherry, Sherry H. Stewart, and Joris C. Verster. 2023. "Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among Hangover-Sensitive and Hangover-Resistant Drinkers" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 8: 2766. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12082766
APA StyleKim, A. J., Merlo, A., Mackus, M., Bruce, G., Johnson, S. J., Alford, C., Sherry, S. B., Stewart, S. H., & Verster, J. C. (2023). Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among Hangover-Sensitive and Hangover-Resistant Drinkers. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(8), 2766. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12082766