Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Epidemiology
3. Treatment Options
3.1. Hypertension/Albuminuria
3.2. Lipids
3.3. Glycemia and Glomerular Hyperfiltration
3.4. Cardiac Remodeling
3.5. Inflammation
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author | DM without CKD | DM with CKD | DM with Albuminuria |
---|---|---|---|
Rao and all (et al.) [6] | Death from vascular causes compared to non-DM, HR 2.32 (95% CI 2.11–2.56) | ||
Haffner et al. [8] | -Death from CVD in DM without MI compared to non-DM with prior MI, HR 1.2–1.4 (95% CI 0.7–2.6) -7-year incidence rates of MI in non-DM with and without prior MI: 18.8% and 3.5%, vs. 45.0% and 20.2%, (p < 0.001), in DM with and without prior MI respectively. | ||
Wannamethee et al. [9] | CVD and CV deaths: RR 2.82 (95% CI 1.85 to 4.28) in DM and 8.93 (95% CI 6.13 to 12.99) in patients with both DM and CHD. | ||
Zhao et al. [14] | CVD events in DM vs. non-DM vs. DM + CVD: HR 2.2 (95% CI 2.1–2.3), 2.9 (95% CI: 2.7–3.1) and 5.13 (95% CI: 4.7–5.5), respectively. | ||
CKD Prognosis consortium [17] | CV death: HR 1.52 for CKD3a, 2.4 for CKD3b and 13.5 for CKD4 | CV death in CKD3a and 3b: HR 3·13 and 4.12 for ACR 30–299 mg/g, 4·97 and 6.10 for ACR > 300 mg/g | |
Branch et al. [19] | -ASCVD (non-fatal MI, non-fatal stroke, CVD death) in DM with CVD: HR 2.20 (1.92–2.53, p < 0.001) -All-cause mortality in DM with CVD: HR 1.29 (95% CI 1.51–2.12, p < 0.0001) | ASCVD in DM + CKD without CVD, HR 1.41 (95% CI 1.06–1.89, p = 0.02) ASCVD in DM + CKD + CVD: HR 2.35 (1.81–3.04), p < 0.001) -All-cause mortality in DM + CKD without CVD: HR 1.39 (1.01–1.90, p = 0.04) -All-cause mortality in DM + CKD + CVD: 2.36 (95% CI 1.75–3.13, p < 0.0001) | |
Papademetriou et al. [20] | -ASCVD in CKD vs. non-CKD: HR 1.86 (95% CI 1.6–2.1), p < 0.001 -All-cause mortality in CKD vs. non-CKD: HR 1.97 (95% CI 1.70–2.28), p < 0.0001 -CV mortality in CKD vs. non-CKD: HR 2.18 (95% CI 1.75–2.72), p < 0.0001 | ||
So WY et al. [22] | -CV end points across CKD stage 1–4: HR 1.00, 1.04, 1.05, and 3.23 respectively (p < 0.001) -All cause mortality across CKD stage 1–4: HR 1.00, 1.27, 2.34, and 9.82 respectively (p < 0.001) | ||
Drury et al. [23] | Total CVD events -eGFR 60–89 mL/min/1.73 m2: HR 1.14 (95% CI 1.01–1.29) -eGFR 30–59 mL/min/1.73 m2: HR 1.59 (95% CI 1.28–1.98) p < 0.001 | CVD Risk in Type 2 DM with eGFR ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73 m2 -Microalbuminuria: HR 1.25 (95% CI 1.01–1.54) -Macroalbuminuria increased: HR 1.19 (95% CI 0.76–1.85), | |
Bruon et al. [24] | CV mortality compared to CKD1 across CKD stage 2–4: HR 0.65, 0.79, 0.67 and 2.03 (p = 0.27) | CV mortality in patient with AER 20–200 and >200ug/min: HR 1.06 and 2.0 respectively (p < 0.0001) | |
Targher at al [26] | All-cause and CV mortality per 1-SD decrease in eGFR: HR 1.53 (95% CI 1.2–2.0; p < 0.0001) and 1.51 (95% CI 1.05–2.2; p = 0.023), respectively. | All-cause and CV mortality per 1-SD increase in albuminuria: HR 1.14 (95% CI 1.01–1.3, p = 0.028) and 1.19 (95% CI 1.01–1.4, p = 0.043) respectively. | |
Ninomiya et al. [27] | CV events for every halving of baseline eGFR: HR 2.20 (95% CI 1.09 to 4.43) | CV events for every 10-fold increase in baseline UACR, HR 2.48 (95% CI 1.74–3.52) |
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Swamy, S.; Noor, S.M.; Mathew, R.O. Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 6984. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12226984
Swamy S, Noor SM, Mathew RO. Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(22):6984. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12226984
Chicago/Turabian StyleSwamy, Sowmya, Sahibzadi Mahrukh Noor, and Roy O. Mathew. 2023. "Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 22: 6984. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12226984