Noninvasive Neuromodulation in Parkinson’s Disease: Insights from Animal Models

Muksuris, Katherine; Scarisbrick, David M.; Mahoney, James J.; Cherkasova, Mariya V.

doi:10.3390/jcm12175448

Open AccessReview

Noninvasive Neuromodulation in Parkinson’s Disease: Insights from Animal Models

by

Katherine Muksuris

^1,*

,

David M. Scarisbrick

^2,3,

James J. Mahoney III

^2,3 and

Mariya V. Cherkasova

^1,3,*

¹

Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA

²

Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA

³

Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA

^*

Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(17), 5448; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12175448

Submission received: 17 July 2023 / Revised: 14 August 2023 / Accepted: 17 August 2023 / Published: 22 August 2023

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Clinical and Therapeutic Perspectives)

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Abstract

The mainstay treatments for Parkinson’s Disease (PD) have been limited to pharmacotherapy and deep brain stimulation. While these interventions are helpful, a new wave of research is investigating noninvasive neuromodulation methods as potential treatments. Some promising avenues have included transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), and focused ultrasound (FUS). While these methods are being tested in PD patients, investigations in animal models of PD have sought to elucidate their therapeutic mechanisms. In this rapid review, we assess the available animal literature on these noninvasive techniques and discuss the possible mechanisms mediating their therapeutic effects based on these findings.

Keywords: neurodegeneration; Parkinson’s Disease; animal models; noninvasive neuromodulation; transcranial magnetic stimulation; transcranial direct current stimulation; electroconvulsive stimulation; focused ultrasound

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MDPI and ACS Style

Muksuris, K.; Scarisbrick, D.M.; Mahoney, J.J., III; Cherkasova, M.V. Noninvasive Neuromodulation in Parkinson’s Disease: Insights from Animal Models. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 5448. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12175448

AMA Style

Muksuris K, Scarisbrick DM, Mahoney JJ III, Cherkasova MV. Noninvasive Neuromodulation in Parkinson’s Disease: Insights from Animal Models. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(17):5448. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12175448

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muksuris, Katherine, David M. Scarisbrick, James J. Mahoney, III, and Mariya V. Cherkasova. 2023. "Noninvasive Neuromodulation in Parkinson’s Disease: Insights from Animal Models" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 17: 5448. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12175448

APA Style

Muksuris, K., Scarisbrick, D. M., Mahoney, J. J., III, & Cherkasova, M. V. (2023). Noninvasive Neuromodulation in Parkinson’s Disease: Insights from Animal Models. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(17), 5448. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12175448

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

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Noninvasive Neuromodulation in Parkinson’s Disease: Insights from Animal Models

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