Fetal Cardiac Hemodynamic and Sonographic Anomalies in Maternal COVID-19 Infection Depending on Vaccination Status—Polish Multicenter Cohort Study
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Which Pregnancy? | Number of Gravidas |
---|---|
1 | 93 |
2 | 82 |
3 | 32 |
4 | 17 |
5 | 7 |
6 | 2 |
8 | 2 |
Functional Cardiovascular Anomaly | Group V (n = 72) | Group UV (n = 42) | Control Group (n = 68) |
---|---|---|---|
Tricuspid insufficiency (in color and in spectral Doppler) | 2 | 8 | 2 |
Pericardial effusion (>2 mm) | 1 | 4 | - |
Myocardial hypertrophy (Septal thickness > 4.5 mm) | 3 | 1 | 1 |
Bright spot | 4 | 4 | - |
Mild cardiomegaly | 2 | - | - |
Abnormal foramen ovale blood flow (bidirectional or left–right) | 2 | - | - |
Reversal flow in ductus arteriosus | - | 1 | 1 |
Arrhythmia (PAC) | - | 1 | 1 |
Total: | 14 (18%) | 19 (47%) | 5 (8%) |
Extracardiac Anomaly | Group V (n = 88) | Group UV (n = 49) | Control Group (n = 100) |
---|---|---|---|
Thick placenta (>50 mm) with abnormal 3D Doppler vascularity | 8 | 4 | 6 |
Umbilical cord around the fetal neck | 4 | 6 | 2 |
Oligohydramnios | 3 | 4 | 4 |
Polihydramnios | 3 | 2 | 4 |
Pyelectasis | 3 | 5 | 2 |
Hiperechogenic bowels | 3 | - | 3 |
Renal cyst | 1 | - | - |
Lung cyst | 1 | - | - |
Hiperechogenic lungs | 1 | - | - |
Bowels distension | 2 | 2 | - |
Hydrops testis | 1 | 2 | - |
Mild ventriculomegaly | - | - | 1 |
Visible bronchogram | - | - | 1 |
Vacuolised placenta | - | 1 | - |
Total: | 30 | 26 | 23 |
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Strzelecka, I.; Sylwestrzak, O.; Murlewska, J.; Węgrzynowski, J.; Leszczyńska, K.; Preis, K.; Respondek-Liberska, M. Fetal Cardiac Hemodynamic and Sonographic Anomalies in Maternal COVID-19 Infection Depending on Vaccination Status—Polish Multicenter Cohort Study. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 5186. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12165186
Strzelecka I, Sylwestrzak O, Murlewska J, Węgrzynowski J, Leszczyńska K, Preis K, Respondek-Liberska M. Fetal Cardiac Hemodynamic and Sonographic Anomalies in Maternal COVID-19 Infection Depending on Vaccination Status—Polish Multicenter Cohort Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(16):5186. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12165186
Chicago/Turabian StyleStrzelecka, Iwona, Oskar Sylwestrzak, Julia Murlewska, Jerzy Węgrzynowski, Katarzyna Leszczyńska, Krzysztof Preis, and Maria Respondek-Liberska. 2023. "Fetal Cardiac Hemodynamic and Sonographic Anomalies in Maternal COVID-19 Infection Depending on Vaccination Status—Polish Multicenter Cohort Study" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 16: 5186. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12165186
APA StyleStrzelecka, I., Sylwestrzak, O., Murlewska, J., Węgrzynowski, J., Leszczyńska, K., Preis, K., & Respondek-Liberska, M. (2023). Fetal Cardiac Hemodynamic and Sonographic Anomalies in Maternal COVID-19 Infection Depending on Vaccination Status—Polish Multicenter Cohort Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(16), 5186. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12165186