Physical Health-Related Quality of Life Improves over Time in Post-COVID-19 Patients: An Exploratory Prospective Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Patient Population
2.2. Questionnaires
2.2.1. St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire
2.2.2. EuroQol 5 Dimension 5 Level
2.2.3. Short Form-36
2.2.4. Questionnaire about COVID-19 Vaccination
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Sample
3.2. Symptom Characterization at Baseline
3.3. Subjective Effect of Vaccination on Post-COVID-19 Symptoms
3.4. SGRQ Questionnaire
3.5. EQ-5D-5L
3.6. SF-36
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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n = 69 | |
---|---|
Sex | |
Female | 55 (80.0) |
Male | 14 (20.0) |
Age, mean (SD) | 44.2 (11.9) |
BMI kg/m2, median (IQR) | 24.2 (21.5, 26.7) |
WHO classification | |
Mild | 65 (94.2) |
Moderate | 4 (5.8) |
Days from first questionnaire to follow-up questionnaire, median (IQR) | 182 (174, 192) |
Days from symptom onset to follow-up questionnaire, median (IQR) | 326 (300, 391) |
Smoking history | |
Current | 6 (8.7) |
Former | 18 (26.1) |
Never | 38 (55.2) |
Ethnicity | |
Caucasian | 58 (84) |
Not Caucasian | 2 (3) |
Missing data | 9 (13) |
Marital status | |
Living with a partner | 38 (55.1) |
Living alone | 10 (14.5) |
Missing data | 21 (30.4) |
Reduced employment due to post-COVID-19 | 22 (31.9) |
Reduced ≥ 50% | 10 (14.5) |
Reduced < 50% | 12 (17.4) |
Comorbidities | |
Asthma | 9 (13.0) |
Prepandemic mental health issues | 7 (10.1) |
Other relevant comorbidities a | 14 (20.3) |
Baseline, Mean (SD) | Follow-Up, Mean (SD) | Δ *, Mean (95% CI) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
SGRQ symptom score a | 40.4 (21.0) | 26.0 (21.1) | −14.4 (−18.4, −10.3) | p < 0.001 |
SGRQ activity score b | 51.3 (25.4) | 39.1 (27.6) | −12.2 (−17.4, −7.0) | p < 0.001 |
SGRQ impact score b | 27.2 (17.7) | 20.8 (18.5) | −6.5 (−10.2, −2.7) | p = 0.001 |
SGRQ total score c | 37.3 (20.2) | 27.9 (20.2) | −9.4 (−13.3, −5.5) | p < 0.001 |
EQ index value d | 0.758 (0.203) | 0.818 (0.168) | 0.060 (0.019, 0.102) | p = 0.005 |
EQ VAS e | 59.1 (20.9) | 66.0 (20.3) | 6.9 (2.7, 11.1) | p = 0.002 |
Baseline, Mean (SD) | Follow-Up, Mean (SD) | Δ *, Mean (95% CI) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Physical functioning a | 63.4 (24.6) | 75.4 (20.3) | 12.1 (7.0, 17.1) | p < 0.001 |
Role limitations (physical) b | 27.6 (35.7) | 48.1 (42.9) | 20.5 (10.9, 30.2) | p < 0.001 |
Pain b | 56.7 (28.9) | 67.3 (28.7) | 10.7 (4.2, 17.1) | p = 0.002 |
General c | 54.1 (18.2) | 54.7 (19.1) | 0.7 (−3.7, 4.9) | p = 0.795 |
Energy/vitality c | 29.8 (19.4) | 40.8 (21.7) | 11.0 (6.3, 15.7) | p < 0.001 |
Social functioning d | 57.9 (28.2) | 62.5 (29.7) | 4.6 (−2.4, 11.7) | p = 0.195 |
Role limitations (emotional) b | 57.7 (44.8) | 69.2 (41.2) | 11.4 (0.98, 21.9) | p = 0.032 |
Emotional health c | 61.3 (19.1) | 66.9 (18.0) | 5.6 (1.3, 9.8) | p = 0.011 |
PCS (T-score) d | 38.2 (10.2) | 43.0 (10.9) | 4.9 (2.6, 7.2) | p < 0.001 |
MCS (T-score) d | 41.8 (11.5) | 44.1 (11.5) | 2.3 (−0.2, 4.8) | p = 0.069 |
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Malesevic, S.; Sievi, N.A.; Schmidt, D.; Vallelian, F.; Jelcic, I.; Kohler, M.; Clarenbach, C.F. Physical Health-Related Quality of Life Improves over Time in Post-COVID-19 Patients: An Exploratory Prospective Study. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 4077. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12124077
Malesevic S, Sievi NA, Schmidt D, Vallelian F, Jelcic I, Kohler M, Clarenbach CF. Physical Health-Related Quality of Life Improves over Time in Post-COVID-19 Patients: An Exploratory Prospective Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(12):4077. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12124077
Chicago/Turabian StyleMalesevic, Stefan, Noriane A. Sievi, Dörthe Schmidt, Florence Vallelian, Ilijas Jelcic, Malcolm Kohler, and Christian F. Clarenbach. 2023. "Physical Health-Related Quality of Life Improves over Time in Post-COVID-19 Patients: An Exploratory Prospective Study" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 12: 4077. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12124077