Risk of Polypharmacy and Its Outcome in Terms of Drug Interaction in an Elderly Population: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Defining Polypharmacy
2.2. Defining Potentially Serious DDIs
2.3. Statistical Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | N (%) or Mean ± SD |
---|---|
Female sex | 129 (40.8%) |
Mean age (years) | 76.4 ± 7.9 |
Comorbidities | 3.2 (1.4%) |
IHD | 185 (58.5%) |
HTN | 183 (57.9%) |
DM | 142 (44.9%) |
Infections | 80 (25.3) |
Heart Failure | 53 (16.8%) |
COVID-19 | 49 (15.5%) |
Renal Insufficiency | 35 (11.1%) |
Cerebrovascular events | 30 (9.5%) |
Dementia | 8 (2.5%) |
Characteristics | No Polypharmacy (<2 Medications) | Minor Polypharmacy (2–3 Medications) | Moderate Polypharmacy (3–4 Medications) | Major Polypharmacy (>5 Medications) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of patients | 5 (1.6%) | 16 (5.1%) | 32 (10.1%) | 263 (83.2%) | |
Age (year), median (IQR) | 75 (8.5) | 76 (14) | 79 (15.25) | 75 (11) | 0.283 |
Female sex, N (%) | 1 (0.4%) | 15 (5.8%) | 5 (1.9%) | 81 (31.3%) | 0.549 |
Comorbidities, median (IQR) | 3 (1) | 3 (1.5) | 3 (1.5%) | 3 (2) | 0.429 |
Characteristics | N (%) or Mean ± SD |
---|---|
Number of prescribed drugs in each patient, median (IQP) | 7 ± 2.0 |
Number of potential interactions in each patient | 6.9 ± 7.0 |
Number of type C interactions | 214 (96%) |
Number of type D interactions | 97 (44%) |
Number of type X interactions | 72 (32.6%) |
Drug Interaction Type D | N (%) | |
Enoxaparin | Aspirin | 28 (12%) |
Heparin | Aspirin | 20 (8.0%) |
Heparin | Clopidogrel | 19 (8.0%) |
Drug interaction Type X | N (%) | |
Clopidogrel | Esomeprazole | 23 (18%) |
Cefuroxime | Omeprazole | 8 (6.0%) |
Tiotropium | Ipratropium | 8 (6.0%) |
r (p-Value) | Age | No. of Diagnose | No. of Drugs | No. of DDI | Type C | Type D | Type X |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | −0.112 (0.072) | 0.001 (0.987) | 0.012 (0.85) | 0.062 (0.367) | −0.11 (0.283) | −0.189 (0.112) | |
No. of diagnose | 0.257 (0.0001) | 0.184 (0.003) | 0.133 (0.052) | 0.06 (90.502) | −0.057 (0.633) | ||
No. of drugs | 0.772 (0.0001) | 0.676 (0.0001) | 0.235 (0.021) | 0.373 (0.001) | |||
No. of DDI | 0.967 (0.0001) | 0.339 (0.001) | 0.290 (0.013) | ||||
Type C | 0.19 (0.069) | 0.149 (0.225) | |||||
Type D | 0.103 (0.55) | ||||||
Type X |
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Alhumaidi, R.M.; Bamagous, G.A.; Alsanosi, S.M.; Alqashqari, H.S.; Qadhi, R.S.; Alhindi, Y.Z.; Ayoub, N.; Falemban, A.H. Risk of Polypharmacy and Its Outcome in Terms of Drug Interaction in an Elderly Population: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 3960. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12123960
Alhumaidi RM, Bamagous GA, Alsanosi SM, Alqashqari HS, Qadhi RS, Alhindi YZ, Ayoub N, Falemban AH. Risk of Polypharmacy and Its Outcome in Terms of Drug Interaction in an Elderly Population: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(12):3960. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12123960
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlhumaidi, Reham M., Ghazi A. Bamagous, Safaa M. Alsanosi, Hamsah S. Alqashqari, Rawabi S. Qadhi, Yosra Z. Alhindi, Nahla Ayoub, and Alaa H. Falemban. 2023. "Risk of Polypharmacy and Its Outcome in Terms of Drug Interaction in an Elderly Population: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 12: 3960. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12123960
APA StyleAlhumaidi, R. M., Bamagous, G. A., Alsanosi, S. M., Alqashqari, H. S., Qadhi, R. S., Alhindi, Y. Z., Ayoub, N., & Falemban, A. H. (2023). Risk of Polypharmacy and Its Outcome in Terms of Drug Interaction in an Elderly Population: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(12), 3960. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12123960