Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak on Emergency Department Presentation and Prognosis of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Systematic Review and Updated Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
Study Endpoints
- Time from symptom onset to first medical contact, door-to-balloon time, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) on admission and at discharge, troponin values at admission and at discharge in STEMI patients.
- In-hospital cardiogenic shock and mechanical complications in STEMI patients.
3. Results
3.1. Primary and Secondary Outcomes in STEMI
3.2. Primary and Secondary Outcomes in NSTEMI
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
COVID-19 | CoronaVirus Disease-19 |
IRR | Incidence Rate Ratio |
LVEF | Left ventricular ejection fraction |
ACS | Acute coronary syndrome |
ED | Emergency department |
OR | Odds ratio |
MD | Mean difference |
CI | Confidence interval |
SD | Standard deviation |
STEMI | ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction |
NSTEMI | Non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction |
MI | Myocardial infarction |
HI | High income |
UMI | Upper–middle income |
LMI | Lower–middle income |
References
- Zhou, P.; Yang, X.-L.; Wang, X.-G.; Hu, B.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, W.; Si, H.-R.; Zhu, Y.; Li, B.; Huang, C.-L.; et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature 2020, 579, 270–273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Virtual Press Conference on COVID-19-11 March 2020. Available online: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/transcripts/who-audioemergen-cies-coronavirus-press-conference-full-and-final11mar2020.pdf?sfvrsn=cb432bb3_2 (accessed on 11 March 2020).
- Livingston, E.; Bucher, K. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Italy. JAMA 2020, 323, 1335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- De Filippo, O.; D’Ascenzo, F.; Angelini, F.; Bocchino, P.P.; Conrotto, F.; Saglietto, A.; Secco, G.G.; Campo, G.; Gallone, G.; Verardi, R.; et al. Reduced rate of hospital admissions for ACS during COVID-19 outbreak in Northern Italy. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020, 383, 88–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Metzler, B.; Siostrzonek, P.; Binder, R.K.; Bauer, A.; Reinstadler, S.J. Decline of acute coronary syndrome admissions in Austria since the outbreak of COVID-19: The pandemic response causes cardiac collateral damage. Eur. Hearth J. 2020, 41, 1852–1853. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Garcia, S.; Albaghdadi, M.S.; Meraj, P.M.; Schmidt, C.; Garberich, R.; Jaffer, F.A.; Dixon, S.; Rade, J.J.; Tannenbaum, M.; Chambers, J.; et al. Reduction in ST-Segment Elevation Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory Activations in the United States During COVID-19 Pandemic. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2020, 75, 2871–2872. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Rosa, S.; Spaccarotella, C.; Basso, C.; Calabrò, M.P.; Curcio, A.; Filardi, P.P.; Mancone, M.; Mercuro, G.; Muscoli, S.; Nodari, S.; et al. Società Italiana di Cardiologia and the CCU Academy investigators group. Reduction of hospitali-zations for myocardial infarction in Italy in the COVID-19 era. Eur. Heart J. 2020, 41, 2083–2088. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Quadri, G.; Rognoni, A.; Cerrato, E.; Baralis, G.; Boccuzzi, G.; Brscic, E.; Conrotto, F.; De Benedictis, M.; De Martino, L.; Di Leo, A.; et al. Catheterization laboratory activity before and during COVID-19 spread: A comparative analysis in Piedmont, Italy, by the Italian Society of Interventional Cardiology (GISE). Int. J. Cardiol. 2021, 323, 288–291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chew, N.W.; Ow, Z.G.W.; Teo, V.X.Y.; Heng, R.R.Y.; Ng, C.H.; Lee, C.-H.; Low, A.F.; Chan, M.Y.-Y.; Yeo, T.-C.; Tan, H.-C.; et al. The Global Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on STEMI Care: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Can. J. Cardiol. 2021, 37, 1450–1459. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dell’era, G.; Colombo, C.; Forleo, G.B.; Curnis, A.; Marcantoni, L.; Racheli, M.; Sartori, P.; Notarstefano, P.; De Salvia, A.; Guerra, F.; et al. Reduction of admissions for urgent and elective pacemaker implant during the COVID-19 outbreak in Northern Italy. J. Cardiovasc. Med. 2022, 23, 22–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Severino, P.; D’Amato, A.; Saglietto, A.; D’Ascenzo, F.; Marini, C.; Schiavone, M.; Ghionzoli, N.; Pirrotta, F.; Troiano, F.; Cannillo, M.; et al. Reduction in heart failure hospitalization rate during coronavirus disease 19 pandemic outbreak. ESC Heart Fail. 2020, 7, 4182–4188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rognoni, A.; D’Ascenzo, F.; Solli, M.; Mennuni, M.G.; Galiffa, V.; Rosso, R.; Cavallino, C.; Ugo, F.; De Filippo, O.; Borin, A.; et al. Return towards normality in admissions for myocardial infarction after the lockdown removal for COVID-19 outbreak in Italy. Int. J. Cardiol. 2021, 332, 235–237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nef, H.M.; Elsässer, A.; Möllmann, H.; Abdel-Hadi, M.; Bauer, T.; Brück, M.; Eggebrecht, H.; Ehrlich, J.R.; Ferrari, M.W.; Fichtlscherer, S.; et al. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cardiovascular mortality and catherization activity during the lockdown in central Germany: An observational study. Clin. Res. Cardiol. 2021, 110, 292–301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Van Belle, E.; Manigold, T.; Piérache, A.; Furber, A.; Debry, N.; Luycx-Bore, A.; Bauchart, J.-J.; Nugue, O.; Huchet, F.; Bic, M.; et al. Myocardial Infarction incidence during national lockdown in two French provinces unevenly affected by COVID-19 outbreak: An observational study. Lancet Reg. Health Eur. 2021, 2, 100030. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D’Ascenzo, F.; De Filippo, O.; Borin, A.; Barbieri, L.; Adamo, M.; Morici, N.; Truffa Giachet, A.; Iannaccone, M.; Crimi, G.; Gaido, L.; et al. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic and infection on in-hospital survival for patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes: A multicenter registry. Int. J. Cardiol. 2021, 332, 227–234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Page, M.J.; McKenzie, J.E.; Bossuyt, P.M.; Boutron, I.; Boutron, I.; Hoffmann, T.C.; Shamseer, L.; Tetzlaff, J.M.; Akl, E.A.; Brennan, S.E.; et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021, 372, n71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wells, G.A.; Shea, B.; O’Connell, D.; Peterson, J.; Welch, V.; Losos, M.; Tugwell, P. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for Assessing the Quality of Nonrandomised Studies in Meta-Analyses. Ottawa Hospital Research Institute. Available online: https://www.ohri.ca (accessed on 6 January 2022).
- Cancer Incidence and Mortality Data: Sources and Methods by Country. Available online: https://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/methods/GLOBOCAN2020_Annex_A.XLSX (accessed on 6 January 2022).
- World Bank Country and Lending Groups. Available online: https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups (accessed on 6 January 2022).
- Lakens, D. Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: A practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Front Psychol. 2013, 4, 863. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hozo, S.P.; Djulbegovic, B.; Hozo, I. Estimating the mean and variance from the median, range, and the size of a sample. BMC Med. Res. Methodol. 2005, 5, 13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Campanile, A.; Verdecchia, P.; Ravera, A.; Coiro, S.; Mattei, C.; Scavelli, F.; Bearzot, L.; Cutolo, A.; Centola, M.; Carugo, S.; et al. Intensive cardiac care unit admission trends during the COVID-19 outbreak in Italy: A multi-center study. Intern. Emerg. Med. 2021, 16, 2077–2086. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dreger, H.; Bruch, L.; Maier, B.; Schühlen, H. Acute Myocardial Infarction Admissions in Berlin During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Dtsch. Arztebl. Int. 2020, 117, 597–598. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fardman, A.; Zahger, D.; Orvin, K.; Oren, D.; Kofman, N.; Mohsen, J.; Tsafrir, O.; Asher, E.; Rubinshtein, R.; Jamal, J.; et al. Acute myocardial infarction in the COVID-19 era: Incidence, clinical characteristics and in-hospital outcomes-A multicenter registry. PLoS ONE 2021, 16, e0253524. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mesnier, J.; Cottin, Y.; Coste, P.; Ferrari, E.; Schiele, F.; Lemesle, G.; Thuaire, C.; Angoulvant, D.; Cayla, G.; Bouleti, C.; et al. Hospital admissions for acute myocardial infarction before and after lockdown according to regional prevalence of COVID-19 and patient profile in France: A registry study. Lancet Public Health 2020, 5, e536–e542. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Papafaklis, M.I.; Katsouras, C.S.; Tsigkas, G.; Toutouzas, K.; Davlouros, P.; Hahalis, G.N.; Kousta, M.S.; Styliadis, I.G.; Triantafyllou, K.; Pappas, L.; et al. “Missing” acute coronary syndrome hospitalizations during the COVID-19 era in Greece: Medical care avoidance combined with a true reduction in incidence? Clin. Cardiol. 2020, 43, 1142–1149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Piccolo, R.; Bruzzese, D.; Mauro, C.; Aloia, A.; Baldi, C.; Boccalatte, M.; Bottiglieri, G.; Briguori, C.; Caiazzo, G.; Calabrò, P.; et al. Population Trends in Rates of Percutaneous Coronary Revascularization for Acute Coronary Syn-dromes Associated with the COVID-19 Outbreak. Circulation 2020, 141, 2035–2037. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Romaguera, R.; Ribera, A.; Güell-Viaplana, F.; Tomás-Querol, C.; Muñoz-Camacho, J.F.; Agudelo, V. Decrease in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction admissions in Catalonia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Rev. Esp. Cardiol. 2020, 73, 778–780. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schmitz, T.; Meisinger, C.; Kirchberger, I.; Thilo, C.; Amann, U.; Baumeister, S.E.; Linseisen, J. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on myocardial infarction care. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 2021, 36, 619–627. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ayad, S.; Shenouda, R.; Henein, M. The Impact of COVID-19 on In-Hospital Outcomes of ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Çinier, G.; Hayıroğlu, M.; Pay, L.; Yumurtaş, A.; Tezen, O.; Parsova, K.E.; Tekkesin, I. Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on access to primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Turk. Kardiyol. Dern. Ars. 2020, 48, 640–645. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Coughlan, J.J.; Chongprasertpon, N.; Arockiam, S.; Arnous, S.; Kiernan, T.J. COVID-19 and STEMI: A snapshot analysis of presentation patterns during a pandemic. IJC Hearth Vasc. 2020, 30, 100546. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Daoulah, A.; Hersi, A.S.; Al-Faifi, S.M.; Alasmari, A.; Aljohar, A.; Balghith, M.; Alshehri, M.; Youssef, A.A.; ElSayed, O.; Alama, M.N.; et al. STEMI and COVID-19 Pandemic in Saudi Arabia. Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 2021, 46, 100656. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Luca, G.; Verdoia, M.; Cercek, M.; Jensen, L.O.; Vavlukis, M.; Calmac, L.; Johnson, T.; Ferrer, G.R.; Ganyukov, V.; Wojakowski, W.; et al. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Mechanical Reperfusion for Patients With STEMI. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2020, 76, 2321–2330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Di Liberto, I.A.; Pilato, G.; Geraci, S.; Milazzo, D.; Vaccaro, G.; Buccheri, S.; Caramanno, G. Impact on hospital admission of ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients during coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in an Italian Hospital. J. Cardiovasc. Med. 2020, 21, 722–724. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Erol, M.K.; Kayıkçıoğlu, M.; Kılıçkap, M.; Güler, A.; Yıldırım, A.; Kahraman, F.; Can, V.; Inci, S.; Baysal, S.S.; Er, O.; et al. Treatment delays and in-hospital outcomes in acute myocardial infarction during the COVID-19 pandemic: A nationwide study. Anatol J. Cardiol. 2020, 24, 334–342. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Fileti, L.; Vecchio, S.; Moretti, C.; Reggi, A.; Aquilina, M.; Balducelli, M.; Santarelli, A.; Grosseto, D.; Piovaccari, G.; Rubboli, A. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on coronary invasive procedures at two Italian high-volume referral centers. J. Cardiovasc. Med. 2020, 21, 869–873. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Freitas, A.; Baptista, R.; Gonçalves, V.; Ferreira, C.; Milner, J.; Lourenço, C.; Costa, S.; Franco, F.; Monteiro, S.; Gonçalves, F.; et al. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on ST-elevation myocardial infarction admissions and outcomes in a Portuguese primary percutaneous coronary intervention center: Preliminary Data. Rev. Port. Cardiol. 2021, 40, 465–471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fu, X.-Y.; Shen, X.-F.; Cheng, Y.-R.; Zhou, M.-Y.; Ye, L.; Feng, Z.-H.; Xu, Z.; Chen, J.; Wang, M.-W.; Zhang, X.-W. Effect of COVID-19 outbreak on the treatment time of patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 2021, 44, 192–197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Haddad, K.; Potter, B.J.; Matteau, A.; Gobeil, F.; Mansour, S. Implications of COVID-19 on Time-Sensitive STEMI Care: A Report From a North American Epicenter. Cardiovasc. Revasc. Med. 2020, 30, 33–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kiris, T.; Avci, E.; Ekin, T.; Akgün, D.E.; Tiryaki, M.; Yidirim, A.; Hazir, K.; Murat, B.; Yeni, M.; Altindag, R.; et al. Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial ınfarction (STEMI) in Turkey: Results from TURSER study (TURKISH St-segment elevation myocardial ınfarction registry). J. Thromb. Thrombolysis 2021, 53, 321–334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kobo, O.; Efraim, R.; Saada, M.; Kofman, N.; Abu Dogosh, A.; Abramowitz, Y.; Aronson, D.; Minha, S.; Roguin, A.; Meisel, S.R. The impact of lockdown enforcement during the SARSCoV-2 pandemic on the timing of presentation and early outcomes of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0241149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leng, W.-X.; Yang, J.-G.; Li, X.-D.; Jiang, W.-Y.; Gao, L.-J.; Wu, Y.; Yang, Y.-M.; Yuan, J.-Q.; Yang, W.-X.; Qiao, S.-B.; et al. Impact of the shift to a fibrinolysis-first strategy on care and outcomes of patients with ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction during the COVID-19 pandemic—The experience from the largest cardiovascular-specific centre in China. Int. J. Cardiol. 2021, 329, 260–265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Little, C.D.; Kotecha, T.; Candilio, L.; Jabbour, R.J.; Collins, G.B.; Ahmed, A.; Connolly, M.; Kanyal, R.; Demir, O.M.; Lawson, L.O.; et al. COVID-19 pandemic and STEMI: Pathway activation and outcomes from the pan-London heart attack group. Open Heart 2020, 7, e001432. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Matsushita, K.; Hess, S.; Marchandot, B.; Sato, C.; Truong, D.P.; Kim, N.T.; Weiss, A.; Jesel, L.; Ohlmann, P.; Morel, O. Clinical features of patients with acute coronary syndrome during the COVID-19 pandemic. J. Thromb. Thrombolysis 2021, 52, 95–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mengal, N.; Saghir, T.; Hassan Rizvi, S.N.; Khan, N.; Qamar, N.; Masood, S.; Badini, A. Acute ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic: What is the Clinically Significant Difference? Cureus 2020, 12, e10523. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Petrović, M.; Milovančev, A.; Kovačević, M.; Miljković, T.; Ilić, A.; Stojšić-Milosavljević, A.; Golubović, M. Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on hospital admissions and outcome of acute coronary syndromes in a single high-volume centre in southeastern Europe. Neth. Heart J. 2021, 29, 230–236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rodríguez-Leor, O.; Cid-Álvarez, B.; Pérez de Prado, A.; Rossello, X.; Ojeda, S.; Serrador, A.; López-Palop, R.; Martín-Moreiras, J.; Rumoroso, J.R.; Cequier, Á.; et al. Impact of COVID-19 on ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction care. Span. Exp. Rev. Esp. Cardiol. 2020, 73, 994–1002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salarifar, M.; Ghavami, M.; Poorhosseini, H.; Masoudkabir, F.; Jenab, Y.; Amirzadegan, A.; Alidoosti, M.; Aghajani, H.; Bozorgi, A.; Hosseini, K.; et al. The impact of a dedicated coronavirus disease 2019 primary angioplasty protocol on time components related to ST segment elevation myocardial infarction management in a 24/7 primary percutaneous coronary intervention-capable hospital. Kardiol Pol. 2020, 78, 1227–1234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Song, C.; Liu, S.; Yin, D.; Wang, Y.; Zhao, Y.; Yang, W.; Qiao, S.; Dou, K.; Xu, B. Impact of Public Health Emergency Response to COVID-19 on Management and Outcome for STEMI Patients in Beijing—A Single-Center Historic Control Study. Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 2021, 46, 100693. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Soylu, K.; Coksevim, M.; Yanık, A.; Bugra Cerik, I.; Aksan, G. Effect of COVID-19 pandemic process on STEMI patients timeline. Int. J. Clin. Pr. 2021, 75, e14005. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tomasoni, D.; Adamo, M.; Italia, L.; Branca, L.; Chizzola, G.; Fiorina, C.; Lupi, L.; Inciardi, R.M.; Cani, D.S.; Lombardi, C.M.; et al. Impact of COVID-2019 outbreak on prevalence, clinical presentation and outcomes of ST-elevation myocardial infarction. J. Cardiovasc. Med. 2020, 21, 874–881. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xiang, D.; Xiang, X.; Zhang, W.; Yi, S.; Zhang, J.; Gu, X.; Xu, Y.; Huang, K.; Su, X.; Yu, B.; et al. Management and Outcomes of Patients With STEMI During the COVID-19 Pandemic in China. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2020, 76, 1318–1324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zachariah, G.; Ramakrishnan, S.; Das, M.K.; Jabir, A.; Jayagopal, P.B.; Venugopal, K.; Mani, K.; Khan, A.K.; Malviya, A.; Gupta, A.; et al. Changing pattern of admissions for acute myocardial infarction in India during the COVID-19 pandemic. Indian Heart J. 2021, 73, 413–423. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, F.; Song, X.; Dang, Y. Experience of ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Management During COVID-19 Pandemic From the Mainland of China. Cardiovasc. Revasc. Med. 2021, 28, 92–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bryndza, M.A.; Litwinowicz, R.; Bartuś, S.; Nosal, M.; Godlewski, J.; Orzechowska, A.; Wiśniewski, A.; Korpak-Wysocka, R.; Rzeszutko, Ł.; Kocik, P.; et al. Incidence of mechanical complications following myocardial infarction during the first two months of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Southern Poland region: A multicenter study. Kardiol. Polska 2021, 79, 66–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Clifford, C.R.; Le May, M.; Chow, A.; Boudreau, R.; Fu, A.Y.; Barry, Q.; Chong, A.Y.; So, D.Y. Delays in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Care During the COVID-19 Lockdown: An Observational Study. CJC Open 2020, 3, 565–573. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Perrin, N.; Iglesias, J.F.; Rey, F.; Benzakour, L.; Cimci, M.; Noble, S.; Degrauwe, S.; Tessitore, E.; Mach, F.; Roffi, M. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on acute coronary syndromes. Swiss Med. Wkly. 2020, 150, w20448. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Abdelaziz, H.K.; Abdelrahman, A.; Nabi, A.; Dębski, M.; Mentias, A.; Choudhury, T.; Patel, B.; Saad, M. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: Insights from a British cardiac center. Am. Heart J. 2020, 226, 45–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boeddinghaus, J.; Nestelberger, T.; Kaiser, C.; Twerenbold, R.; Fahrni, G.; Bingisser, R.; Khanna, N.; Tschudin-Sutter, S.; Widmer, A.; Jeger, R.; et al. Effect of COVID-19 on acute treatment of ST-segment elevation and Non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome in northwestern Switzerland. IJC Heart Vasc. 2020, 32, 100686. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cammalleri, V.; Muscoli, S.; Benedetto, D.; Stifano, G.; Macrini, M.; Di Landro, A.; Di Luozzo, M.; Marchei, M.; Mariano, E.G.; Cota, L.; et al. Who Has Seen Patients With ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction? First Results From Italian Real-World Coronavirus Disease 2019. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2020, 9, e017126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Y.-H.; Huang, W.-C.; Hwang, J.-J. No Reduction of ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Admission in Taiwan During Coronavirus Pandemic. Am. J. Cardiol. 2020, 131, 133–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Secco, G.G.; Zocchi, C.; Parisi, R.; Roveta, A.; Mirabella, F.; Vercellino, M.; Pistis, G.; Reale, M.; Maggio, S.; Audo, A.; et al. Decrease and Delay in Hospitalization for Acute Coronary Syndromes During the 2020 SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic. Can. J. Cardiol. 2020, 36, 1152–1155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Siudak, Z.; Grygier, M.; Wojakowski, W.; Msc, K.P.M.; Witkowski, A.; Gąsior, M.; Dudek, D.; Bartuś, S. Clinical and procedural characteristics of COVID-19 patients treated with percutaneous coronary interventions. Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv. 2020, 96, E568–E575. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trabattoni, D.; Montorsi, P.; Merlino, L. Late STEMI and NSTEMI Patients’ Emergency Calling in COVID-19 Outbreak. Can. J. Cardiol. 2020, 36, 1161.e7–1161.e8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wiessman, M.; Abitbol, M.; Perl, L.; Bental, T.; Levy, S.; Agmon, I.N.; Gurevitz, C.; Porter, A.; Eisen, A.; Kornowski, R.; et al. Hospital admissions for acute coronary syndrome during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in Israel: A single tertiary center experience. Coron. Artery Dis. 2021, 32, 658–660. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rangashamaiah, S.; Hayagreev, V.; Krishnan, S.; Prabhavathi, B.; Manjunath, C.N. The impact of COVID19 nationwide lock-down on STEMI hospitalization and outcomes in South India. Indian Heart J. 2021, 73, 379–381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Flori, M.; Marinucci, L.; Gabrielli, G.; Baiocco, E.; Accardi, R.; Scalone, G.; Grossi, P.; Guerra, F. Reduction in acute coronary syndromes during coronavirus disease 2019 global pandemic: Data from the Marche region of Italy. J. Cardiovasc. Med. 2021, 22, 350–356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, S.; Song, C.; Yin, D.; Wang, Y.; Zhao, Y.; Yang, W.; Qiao, S.; Dou, K.; Xu, B. Impact of public health emergency response to COVID-19 on management and outcome for NSTEMI patients in Beijing: A single-center historic control. Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv. 2021, 97, E475–E483. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Braiteh, N.; Rehman, W.U.; Alom, M.; Skovira, V.; Breiteh, N.; Rehman, I.; Yarkoni, A.; Kahsou, H.; Rehman, A. Decrease in acute coronary syndrome presentations during the COVID-19 pandemic in upstate New York. Am. Heart J. 2020, 226, 147–151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zeymer, U.; Gitt, A.; Thiele, H. COVID-19-Pandemie: Effekte auf die klinische Versorgung von Herz-Kreislauf-Patienten im Frühling 2020 [COVID-19 pandemic: Effects on clinical care of cardiovascular patients in spring 2020]. Herz 2021, 46, 115–119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Primessnig, U.; Pieske, B.M.; Sherif, M. Increased mortality and worse cardiac outcome of acute myocardial infarction during the early COVID-19 pandemic. ESC Heart Fail. 2021, 8, 333–343. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Simoni, L.; Alimehmeti, I.; Ceka, A.; Tafaj, E.; Gina, M.; Dibra, A.; Goda, A. Impact of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID 19) pandemic on acute coronary syndrome (ACS) hospitalizations, and related invasive procedures. Eur. Heart J. Acute Cardiovasc. Care 2021, 10 (Suppl. 1), 593–599. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Solomon, M.D.; McNulty, E.J.; Rana, J.S.; Leong, T.K.; Lee, C.; Sung, S.-H.; Ambrosy, A.P.; Sidney, S.; Go, A.S. The COVID-19 Pandemic and the Incidence of Acute Myocardial Infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020, 383, 691–693. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Warren-Gash, C.; Blackburn, R.; Whitaker, H.; McMenamin, J.; Hayward, A.C. Laboratory-confirmed respiratory in-fections as triggers for acute myocardial infarction and stroke: A self-controlled case series analysis of national linked datasets from Scotland. Eur. Respir. J. 2018, 51, 3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Caldeira, D.; Rodrigues, B.S.; David, C.; Costa, J.; Pinto, F.J.; Ferreira, J.J. The association of influenza infection and vaccine with myocardial infarction: Systematic review and meta-analysis of self-controlled case series. Expert Rev. Vaccines 2019, 18, 1211–1217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Xiong, T.-Y.; Redwood, S.; Prendergast, B.; Chen, M. Coronaviruses and the cardiovascular system: Acute and long-term implications. Eur. Heart J. 2020, 41, 1798–1800. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Masi, P.; Hékimian, G.; Lejeune, M.; Chommeloux, J.; Desnos, C.; Pineton De Chambrun, M.; Martin-Toutain, I.; Nieszkowska, A.; Lebreton, G.; Bréchot, N.; et al. Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome Is a Major Contributor to COVID-19-Associated Coagulopathy: Insights From a Prospective, Single-Center Cohort Study. Circulation 2020, 142, 611–614. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Choudry, F.A.; Hamshere, S.M.; Rathod, K.S.; Akhtar, M.M.; Archbold, R.A.; Guttmann, O.P.; Woldman, S.; Jain, A.K.; Knight, C.J.; Baumbach, A.; et al. High Thrombus Burden in Patients With COVID-19 Presenting With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2020, 76, 1168–1176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baldi, E.; Sechi, G.M.; Mare, C.; Canevari, F.; Brancaglione, A.; Primi, R.; Klersy, C.; Palo, A.; Contri, E.; Ronchi, V.; et al. Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest during the COVID-19 Outbreak in Italy. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020, 383, 496–498. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boersma, E.; Maas, A.C.; Deckers, J.W.; Simoons, M.L. Early thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction: Reappraisal of the golden hour. Lancet 1996, 348, 771–775. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hochman, J.S.; Buller, C.E.; Sleeper, L.A.; Boland, J.; Dzavik, V.; Sanborn, T.A.; Godfrey, E.; White, H.D.; Lim, J.; LeJemtel, T. Cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction--etiologies, management, and outcome: A report from the SHOCK Trial Registry. Should we emergently revascularize Occluded Coronaries for cardiogenic shock? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2000, 36 (Suppl. 3A), 1063–1070. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
STEMI | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcomes | K | Total Sample Size | IRR p | I2 p | Egger’s p | Begg and Mazumdar’s p | Fail Safe n | Rosenthal’s n |
Number of hospital admissions [4,14,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29]. | 11 | 10082 | 0.76 (0.67; 0.85) p < 0.001 | 85.46 p < 0.001 | 0.654 | 0.876 | 435 | 65 |
OR p | I2 p | Egger’s p | Begg and Mazumdar’s p | Fail Safe n | Rosenthal’s n | |||
Overall mortality [7,14,15,24,25,28,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55] | 34 | 79682 | 1.33 (1.18; 1.51) p < 0.001 | 40.28 p = 0.01 | 0.057 | 0.150 | 580 | 180 |
Cardiogenic shock [15,24,30,33,34,36,40,41,43,48,50,53] | 13 | 44229 | 1.33 (1.07; 1.64) p = 0.01 | 79.09 p < 0.001 | 0.288 | 0.807 | 20 | 75 |
Mechanical complications [15,24,40,43,48,50,52,56]. | 8 | 5461 | 1.80 (0.91; 3.57) p = 0.09 | 50.61 p = 0.05 | 0.727 | 0.805 | 12 | 50 |
Length of stay [24,33,37,42,43,44,45,47,51,52,57,58] | 12 | 4678 | 1.02 (0.72; 1.43) p = 0.922 | 98.80 p < 0.001 | 0.752 | 0.681 | 0 | 70 |
K | Total Sample Size | MD | I2 p | Egger’s p | Begg and Mazumdar’s p | Fail Safe n | Rosenthal’s n | |
Time to first medical contact (min) [24,25,30,31,36,39,40,41,42,44,48,49,51,52,53,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. | 28 | 46384 | 91.31 (72.74; 109.87) p < 0.001 | 98.63 p < 0.001 | 0.042 | 0.323 | 6208 | 150 |
Door-to-balloon time (min) [13,24,31,32,34,36,39,40,42,43,44,47,48,49,50,51,53,54,55,60,61,62,63]. | 24 | 70914 | 5.44 (3.05; 7.84) p < 0.001 | 93.53 p < 0.001 | 0.286 | 0.102 | 1443 | 130 |
LVEF on admission (%) (*) [21,24,40,41,43,45,46,50,61,67] | 9 | 7019 | −0.66 (−1.49; 0.16) p = 0.06 | 46.30 p = 0.100 | 0.226 | 0.084 | 1573 | 135 |
LVEF at discharge (%) [32,38,39,43,48,62,63] | 7 | 1150 | −3.46 (−5.66; −1.25) p < 0.001 | 39.32 p = 0.130 | 0.775 | 0.453 | 56 | 45 |
K | Total Sample Size | Cohen’s d | I2 p | Egger’s p | Begg and Mazumdar’s p | Fail Safe n | Rosenthal’s n | |
Troponin at baseline * [30,33,42,45,59,60,61] | 9 | 3400 | 0.40 (0.26; 0.55) p = 0.026 | 66.95 p = 0.002 | 0.068 | 0.404 | 19 | 55 |
High-sensitivity Troponin * [42,50,52,59,60,61] | 6 | 1388 | 1.52 (1.03; 2.24) p < 0.001 | 6.04 p = 0.380 | - | - | - | - |
Other/not specified Troponin * [30,32,42] | 3 | 2012 | 0.32 (−0.36; 0.09) p = 0.520 | 44.68 p = 0.00 | - | - | - | - |
Troponin peak * [42,44,50,59,62] | 5 | 666 | −0.11 (−0.33; 0.12) p = 0.354 | 43.85 p = 0.07 | 0.695 | 1.0 | 0 | 35 |
NSTEMI | ||||||||
Outcomes | K | Total Sample Size | IRR Incidence Rate Ratio | I2 p | Egger’s p | Begg and Mazumdar’s p | Fail Safe n | Rosenthal’s n |
Number of hospital admissions [4,14,22,23,26,27,29,68]. | 11 | 10182 | 0.69 (0.61; 0.76) p < 0.001 | 79.29 p < 0.001 | 0.007 | 0.036 | 147 | 65 |
K | Total Sample Size | OR p | I2 p | Egger’s p | Begg and Mazumdar’s p | Fail Safe n | Rosenthal’s n | |
Overall mortality [7,14,25,37,48,55,69]. | 8 | 19910 | 1.34 (1.03; 1.75) p = 0.03 | 12.72 p = 0.33 | 0.521 | 0.521 | 11 | 50 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Altobelli, E.; Angeletti, P.M.; Marzi, F.; D’Ascenzo, F.; Petrocelli, R.; Patti, G. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak on Emergency Department Presentation and Prognosis of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Systematic Review and Updated Meta-Analysis. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 2323. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11092323
Altobelli E, Angeletti PM, Marzi F, D’Ascenzo F, Petrocelli R, Patti G. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak on Emergency Department Presentation and Prognosis of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Systematic Review and Updated Meta-Analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022; 11(9):2323. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11092323
Chicago/Turabian StyleAltobelli, Emma, Paolo Matteo Angeletti, Francesca Marzi, Fabrizio D’Ascenzo, Reimondo Petrocelli, and Giuseppe Patti. 2022. "Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak on Emergency Department Presentation and Prognosis of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Systematic Review and Updated Meta-Analysis" Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 9: 2323. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11092323
APA StyleAltobelli, E., Angeletti, P. M., Marzi, F., D’Ascenzo, F., Petrocelli, R., & Patti, G. (2022). Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak on Emergency Department Presentation and Prognosis of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Systematic Review and Updated Meta-Analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(9), 2323. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11092323